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Econ Development Lesson 10

The document discusses sustainable agriculture and industrialization. It covers UN sustainable development goals related to ending hunger and malnutrition, doubling small food producer incomes, ensuring sustainable food production, and maintaining genetic diversity. It also discusses goals to reduce marine pollution and ocean acidification, sustainably manage oceans and fisheries, and prohibit subsidies contributing to overfishing.

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Sheila Marie Ann Magcalas-Galura
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17 views45 pages

Econ Development Lesson 10

The document discusses sustainable agriculture and industrialization. It covers UN sustainable development goals related to ending hunger and malnutrition, doubling small food producer incomes, ensuring sustainable food production, and maintaining genetic diversity. It also discusses goals to reduce marine pollution and ocean acidification, sustainably manage oceans and fisheries, and prohibit subsidies contributing to overfishing.

Uploaded by

Sheila Marie Ann Magcalas-Galura
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sustainable

Agriculture and
Industrialization
Economic Development:
Lesson 10
Sustainable Agriculture
The United Nations Development of Economic and
Social Affairs (UN-DESA) released the 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-17) adopted
by all members countries of the UN, one of them is
SDG-2:
Sustainable Agriculture
Before the COVID-19
pandemic of 2020, the
world was already suffering
from food security,
classified as moderate to
severe from 23.2% of the
population to 26.4% from
2014 to 2018.
Sustainable Agriculture
The pandemic adversely
affected food producers,
comprising 40% to 85% of all
food producers in developing
regions.
Sustainable Agriculture
Apart from this, risks such as climate shocks, locust
crises, and conflicts greatly affect agriculture.
Hence, the SDG-2 aims to solve this global problem.
Sustainable Agriculture
The UN targets the following indicators:

By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in


particular, the poor and people in vulnerable situations,
including infants, to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all
year round.
By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by
2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting
in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional
needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and
older persons.
Sustainable Agriculture

By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and


income of small-scale food producers, in particular,
women, indigenous peoples, family farmers,
pastoralists, and fishers, through secure and equal
access to land, other productive resources and
inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and
opportunities for value addition, and non-farm
employment.
Sustainable Agriculture

By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems


and implement resilient agricultural practices that
increase productivity and production, help maintain
ecosystems, strengthen capacity for adaptation to
climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding
and other disasters, and progressively improve land
and soil quality.
Sustainable Agriculture

By 2030, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds,


cultivated plants, and farmed and domesticated animals
and their related wild species, through soundly managed
and diversifies seed and plant banks at the national,
regional, and international levels, and promote access to
fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the
utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional
knowledge, as internationally agreed.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources
The ocean, seas, and marine resources are
considered vital agricultural aspects that are given
much attention, especially in countries that have huge
coastal areas and of archipelagic nature. They serve
as the main source of food security and other forms
of medical derivatives and even source of energy.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources
However, the marine ecosystem is
continually threatened by
industrialization and the
exploitation of its resources, not
to mention the effects of global
warming, pollution by toxic
wastes thrown into the water and
negligence to protect them.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources
In effect, a 100-150% rise in ocean acidity is
estimated by 2100, which may adversely affect half
of the global marine life.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources
The pandemic of 2020 may
have a positive effect on our
seas and oceans as humans
were forced to stay at home
and industries were shut down
or required to slow down with
their operation.

This allowed the restoration of the ecosystem


Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources
Another UN-DESA SDG is the conservation and
sustainable use of the oceans, seas, and marine
resources for sustainable development.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources
SDG-14 targets the following:

By 2025, significantly reduce marine pollution of


all kinds, from land-based activities including
marine debris and nutrient pollution.

Minimize and address the impacts of ocean


acidification through enhanced scientific
cooperation at all levels.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources
SDG-14 targets the following:

By 2020, sustainability manage and protect marine


and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant
adverse impacts by strengthening their resilience
and acting for their restoration to achieve healthy
and productive oceans.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources

By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end


overfishing, illegal unreported and unregulated
fishing, and destructive fishing practices, and
implement science-based management plans to
restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at
least to levels that can produce maximum
sustainable yield as determined by their biological
characteristics.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources

By 2020, conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas,


consistent with national and international law and based on
the best available scientific information.

By 2030, increase economic benefits to small island


developing states and least developed countries from the
sustainable use of marine resources through sustainable
management of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism.
Oceans, Seas, and Marine
Resources

By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies


that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate
subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported, and
unregulated fishing, and refrain from introducing new
such subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective
special and differential treatment for developing and
least developed countries should be an integral part of
the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies
registration.
Ecotourism
Tourism is often described as the
world’s largest industry, while a
small component of the overall
industry, ecotourism, is believed
to be one of the fastest-growing
sub-sectors.
Ecotourism: Characteristics
Ecotourism occurs “in nature”

It is “low impact,” with minimal disturbance to the


environment
A portion of the profit should be in conservation efforts

There is education to both tourist and local people about


nature and its value
Ecotourism development should be undertaken, ideally with
local participation in planning and management.
Ecotourism: Benefits and Costs

BENEFITS COSTS
• Conservation of the ecosystem • Disturbance to wild species of
• Allowing environmental flora and fauna
recuperation • May lead to overproduction of
• Environmental awareness species
• Promotion of culture and • May cause pollutants by tourists
indigenous peoples • Budget of more significant
• Financial and economic benefits purpose may be diverted to
ecotourism
• Negative externalities
Ecotourism
One way of not exploiting
the natural resources is
catering to tourists to
experience the natural
habitat of our food supply
in a non-detrimental
manner.
Ecotourism
In this way, we may conserve the
natural design of the land and
seas by just appreciating the
beauty in the surroundings
without the complications of
cultivation, deforestation,
extreme farming, and water
acidification.
Ecotourism
Sustainability can be defined
in a plethora of ways, and it is
in economics and the wider
social sciences. These can
include monetary values, value
in terms of wider sets of
attributes as well as temporal
component.
Ecotourism
Ecotourism is centering on
environmental sustainability
by preserving resources and
allowing them to recuperate
and produce more for future
generations, although we can
say that this has a small impact
on the food production from
agriculture.
Ecotourism
Still, it is beneficial to the
locality by providing revenue
from tourists and promotion
of the cultural heritage of the
area and empowering the
identity of people, hence,
economic development.
Ecotourism
There must be a balance between the environment
and the socioeconomic impact or ecotourism to
realize its value to economic development.
Ecotourism
The idea of minimized exploited areas of land and
seas and diverting them to a more sustainable purpose
like that of tourism may be a good indication that
the ecosystem is somehow protected, biodiversity
is given an opportunity to produce more, and the
hazard of over-exploitation is prevented.
Ecotourism
But at the same time, it should make money,
provide employment to the locality, and protect
the culture and identity of the indigenous peoples.
Industrialization
Industrialization is one of the key factors of
economic growth and development, not to mention
the proper use of natural resources, utilization of real
or physical assets, and employment of labor or the
population.
This includes the regulation of economic activities of
an institutional framework, the government. There is
a need to revolutionize how goods and services were
produced.
Industrialization
We can synonymously compare industrialization to
technology and financial dominance of an economy.
Industrialization

First Second Third Fourth Fifth


Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial Industrial
Revolution Revolution Revolution Revolution Revolution
Modes of Industrialization

Mercantilism Protectionism Laissez-faire

Importation Exportation
Modes of Industrialization

Mercantilism
• In protecting the economy of one’s country
or state, it is important to optimize net
exports. This adds to more products and
services available to its people and affects
the increase of the GDP of the country.
Modes of Industrialization

Protectionism

• A set of policies by which a government seeks to


shelter its industries from foreign competition or
to help them increase exports to international
markets. Restriction by governments to
importation of goods and services is through
increasing tariffs, import quotas, or more
regulations to products sourced from another
countries.
Modes of Industrialization

Laissez-faire

• An economic idea that means less


involvement by means of regulations of
the government to its private industries to
let them operate on their own, hence,
laissez-faire is a French concept that
literally means “let alone.”
Modes of Industrialization

Importation

• In the context of trade, when there is a need


for goods and services because of a shortage
from another country buys from another
country. Sometimes, it comes from the trade
agreements between countries whether
importation is allowed.
Modes of Industrialization

Exportation

• When there is a surplus, or we want to gain


from sale to another country and increase
gross domestic product, we sell them our
domestically produced goods and/or services.
Like importation, a trade agreement may give
way to supply the needs of other countries at a
given period.
Cost of Industrialization
Industrialization, modernization, urbanization,
and capitalism are concepts that are intertwined and
cannot really be separated.
Cost of Industrialization
Businesses that produce
goods and services are
basically motivated by self-
interest that is maximizing
profit, which means the
least possible cost of
production.
Cost of Industrialization
Capitalists and governments tend to save for the
future survival, and because of the idea of laissez-
faire or let alone policy, the government tends to
give some level of freedom to producers, which may
lead to abuse of land, labor, and other valuable
resources.
Cost of Industrialization
More people are moving from
rural to urban areas,
factories are multiplying to
supply the needs of the
people. In effect, there are
possibilities of long hours for
factory workers, with
considerably low wages.
Cost of Industrialization
Dangerous working conditions, like long working
hours and workplaces not conducive for working,
lead to frustrations and mental illnesses.
Any Questions?

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