Application of derivative

in real life
 Definition of a derivative
• The derivative is a fundamental tool of calculus that quantifies the sensitivity of
change of a function's output with respect to its input. The derivative of a function of a
single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to
the graph of the function at that point.
• The derivative is important in finding maximum or minimum values in real-life
situations, such as minimizing cost or maximizing power output.
• Derivatives are often notated in different forms:
• f′(x): Derivative of f with respect to x.
• Higher derivatives are denoted by f′′(x),f′′′(x) etc.
 Tangent
• The tangent line to a curve at a specific point is a straight line that touches the
curve at that point, without crossing through it.
• It represents the instantaneous rate of change (slope) of the curve at that point.
• Equation of Tangent Line:
• Suppose f(x)f is a function and (a,f(a)) is a point on the curve.
• The equation of the tangent line at x=ax is given by:
• y−f(a)=f′(a)(x−a)
• Here, f′(a) is the derivative of f(x) evaluated at x=a.
 Normal Line
• The normal line to a curve at a specific point is perpendicular to the tangent line at
that point.
• Its slope is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangent line.
• Equation of Normal Line:
• If the tangent line at x=ahas slope m, then the slope of the normal line is -1/x.
• he equation of the normal line passing through (a,f(a))is
• y−f(a)=−1/f′(a)​(x−a).
• Here, f′(a)≠0f'(a) \neq 0f′(a)=0 to ensure a well-defined normal line.
 Optimization Problems
• Objective:
• Maximization: Finding the highest value of a function.
• Minimization: Finding the lowest value of a function.
• These values are often constrained by specific conditions or constraints.
• Steps Involved:
• Step 1: Define the Function: Identify the quantity to be optimized as a function of one or more variables.
• step 2: Formulate Constraints: If applicable, include any constraints or limitations on the variables.
• Step 3: Find Derivatives:Compute the first derivative f′(x)to find critical points where f′(x)=0or is undefined.
• Step 4: Determine Critical Points: Solve f′(x)=0to find potential maximum or minimum points.
• Step 5: Check Endpoints and Boundary Conditions: Evaluate f(x)f(x)f(x) at the critical points and endpoints to determine the
global maximum or minimum.
• Step 6: Interpret Results: Interpret the results in the context of the problem, considering any constraints or conditions.
 RELATED RATES
• Related rates problems involve finding rates of change of quantities that are related through the derivatives
of their functions. These problems often require applying implicit differentiation and the chain rule to
determine how changes in one quantity affect changes in another. Here’s an overview of related rates
problems and how derivatives are applied:
• Scenario:
• Description: In related rates problems, quantities are changing with respect to time or another variable, and
their rates of change are interdependent.
• Goal: Determine how the rate of change of one quantity affects the rate of change of another quantity.
• Steps Involved:
• Step 1: Identify Variables and Relations: Clearly define the variables involved and establish how they are
related through an equation.
 MOTION PROBLEMS
• Key Quantities:
• Position (s): The location of the object relative to a reference point at any given time t.
• Velocity (v): The rate of change of position with respect to time t.
• Acceleration (a): The rate of change of velocity with respect to time t.
• Relations Between Quantities:
• Velocity: v(t)=ds/dt
• Acceleration: a(t)=dv/dt
• Solving Motion Problems:
• Given Information: Typically, you are provided with either the position function s(t)s(t)s(t), velocity function v(t)v(t)v(t), or
acceleration function a(t)a(t)a(t).
• Objective: Depending on the problem, you may need to find one of these quantities given the others, or solve for specific
conditions such as maximum speed, time to reach a certain position, etc.
 Economics and Marginal Analysis
Economics and Marginal Analysis
• Marginal Analysis:
• Marginal Cost (MC): The additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of a good
or service.
• MC=dQ/dC​
• where C is the total cost and Q is the quantity produced.
• Marginal Revenue (MR): The additional revenue generated by selling one more unit of a
good or service.
• MR=dR/dQ
• where R is the total revenue.
 DERIVATIVE APPLICATION IN
BIOLOGY
• Population Dynamics:
• Example: Modeling the growth of a population of organisms.
• Equation: The logistic growth model, Dp/dt=rwhere Pis the population
size, rrr is the intrinsic growth rate, and Kis the carrying capacity.
• Derivative Usage: Derivatives are used to determine how the population
size changes over time, its growth rate, and the effects of environmental
factors.
 Applications of Derivatives in
Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering:
• Example: Analyzing motion and forces in mechanical systems.
• Equations: Newton's laws of motion, F=m⋅aF = m \cdot aF=m⋅a, where FFF is force, mmm is mass, and aaa is
acceleration.
• Derivative Usage: Derivatives are used to determine velocities and accelerations of mechanical components,
analyze stress and strain distributions in materials, and optimize designs for maximum efficiency and safety.
• Electrical Engineering:
• Example: Modeling electrical circuits and signals.
• Equations: Ohm's law V=IRV = IRV=IR, where VVV is voltage, III is current, and RRR is resistance.
• Derivative Usage: Derivatives help analyze how voltages and currents change over time, calculate power
dissipation, design filters for signal processing, and optimize circuit performance.
 Applications of Derivatives in Physics:
• Modeling Natural Phenomena: Derivatives allow physicists to mathematically model complex
physical systems and predict their behavior under different conditions.
• Quantitative Analysis: They provide insights into rates of change, forces, energies, and interactions
within physical systems, aiding in understanding fundamental laws and principles.
• Interdisciplinary Applications: Understanding calculus in physics bridges theoretical concepts and
experimental observations, facilitating advances in technology, medicine, and fundamental scientific
research.
• Derivatives in physics enable physicists to develop theories, conduct experiments, and advance our
understanding of the universe. They are essential tools for analyzing and predicting physical
phenomena across scales, from subatomic particles to celestial bodies, and drive innovations that
shape our understanding of the natural world.
 Conclusion:
• Discrete Functions:
• Arrays or sequences of discrete data points can represent various quantities such as temperatures over time, population counts, or
measurements in experiments
• Optimization:
• Derivatives are crucial for optimizing functions that involve arrays or sums. For example, minimizing the error between a model and
experimental data involves computing derivatives to adjust parameters effectively.
• Numerical Methods:
• In computational applications, derivatives help in numerical differentiation techniques to approximate how a function (or an array of
values) changes with respect to its variables.
• Applications in Finance and Economics:
• Derivatives are used to analyze rates of change in financial instruments or economic indicators represented by arrays of historical data.
• Applications in Finance and Economics:
• Derivatives are used to analyze rates of change in financial instruments or economic indicators represented by arrays of historical data.
THANK YOU
NANDINI DOBRIYAL
12-A
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