Chemistry for Industrial Technologist

MATTER AND
ITS PROPERTIES
MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
1.01 State of Matter
1.02 Properties of Matter
1.03 Ways of classifying matter
1.04 Physical and chemical
properties
MATTER
is defined as anything that has mass, occupies space and is
made up of particles.

PARTICLES COMPOSING MATTER

ATOMS MOLECULES IONS

the building blocks of all a group of two or more an atom or group of
visible matter atoms that form the atoms that has an electric
smallest identifiable unit charge
 STATE OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS

STATE OF MATTER

SOLID
are one of the three key states of
matter. Unlike liquids and gases,
solids keep their shape and do not Ice Cube
flow to the sides of a container. The Ice is the solid form of water (H2O). The
water molecules are in fixed positions and
particles in a solid can’t easily move cannot move over each other, unless the ice
melts and becomes liquid water.
past one another, but at any
temperature above −459.4°F The particles in a solid are
packed closely together
(−273°C)— absolute zero—they do and do not have space to
move around.
constantly vibrate in place.
STATE OF MATTER

PROPERTIES OF SOLID
Having particles in fixed Volume and shape
Solids have fixed shapes with defined
positions gives solids a set edges. Their volume changes only slightly
of properties that with temperature.

distinguish them from

Density and Compressibility
liquids and gases. They Since the particles are close together, most
have a fixed shape, tend to solids have a high density, and can’t easily
be compressed.
be dense, and do not flow
to fill a container they’re Flow
placed in. They also cannot Forces of attraction stop particles in a solid
moving over each other; solids do not flow.
be compressed.
STATE OF MATTER

LIQUID
When a substance is in its liquid form,
its particles have gained enough
energy to move past each other. As a
result, liquids flow to the edges of Water
The word “water” is usually used to
their container and form a nearly flat describe the liquid state of the compound
H2O.
surface. However, although the shape
of a liquid changes to fit the shape of The particles are packed
its container, the total volume remains tightly but are randomly
arranged and can move
the same. over each other.
STATE OF MATTER

PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
When a substance is in the Volume and shape
Liquids flow to the edges of a
liquid state, it means its container, but while their shape may
particles have gained enough change, the total volume stays the
same.
energy (usually in the form of
heat) to overcome some of the Density and Compressibility
Liquids have a high density, so can’t
forces of attraction holding be easily compressed as their
them together in a solid. The particles are close together.
particles can now move over
Flow
each other, giving liquids The particles in a liquid are free to
particular properties. move over each other, so liquids
flow and can pass through narrow
spaces.
STATE OF MATTER

GAS
Substances exist as gases when their
particles gain enough energy to
overcome the forces of attraction
keeping them together. Gases are less Water Vapor
Water vapor is water in gaseous instead of
dense than solids and liquids, and so are liquid form. It can be formed either through
a process of evaporation or sublimation.
easy to compress. Gases have no fixed
shape, and their volume is very sensitive The particles in a gas are
to temperature and pressure. typically far apart. The
particles have space to
move randomly.
STATE OF MATTER

PROPERTIES OF GAS
When a substance is in Volume and shape
its gaseous state, it Gases have no fixed volume
and take the shape of the
means its particles have container they are in.
gained enough energy to
overcome the forces of Density and Compressibility
Gases have a low density and
attraction between them. can be easily compressed as
The particles move their particles are far apart.
freely, giving gases
particular properties. Flow
Gas particles are completely
free to move and can pass
through very small gaps.
STATE OF MATTER

PLASMA
often called “the fourth state of matter,”
along with solid, liquid and gas. Just as a
liquid will boil, changing into a gas Lighting
when energy is added, heating a gas will A gas with many of its atoms broken into
electrically-charged particles, both
form a plasma – a soup of positively negatively-charged electrons and
positively-charged ions.
charged particles (ions) and negatively
charged particles (electrons).
Particles of plasma are
best described as moving
freely and being
electrically charged.
LET’S GIVE IT A TRY!
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 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

According to the change involved According to dependence of

during the measurement of the amount of matter
property

PHYSICAL EXTENSIVE
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL INTENSIVE
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

PHYSICAL PROPTERIES
are those which can be observed or
measured without changing the
composition of matter. They are used
to observe and describe matter.
Include color, hardness, malleability,
solubility, electrical conductivity,
density, melting point, and boiling
point.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

EXTENSIVE & INTENSIVE

Intensive properties PROPTERIES
of matter are those that are independent of the
amount of matter present. Pressure and temperature, for example,
are intensive properties.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

EXTENSIVE & INTENSIVE

Extensive property PROPTERIES
of matter are those in which the value of a
system’s property is equal to the sum of the values for the parts of
the system.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

CHEMICAL PROPTERIES
describes its "potential" to undergo
some chemical change or reaction by
virtue of its composition. Flammability,
toxicity, acidity, the reactivity of
various types, and heat of combustion
are examples of chemical properties.
 MATTER

Based on the number of components present

PURE
SUBSTANCES
MIXTURES
Based on the number of kinds of Based on the uniformity of
atoms present composition and properties

HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS MIXTURE MIXTURE
PURE SUBSTANCES
are substances that are made up of only one kind of particle and have a
fixed or constant structure.

ELEMENTS is a substance that consists of only one type or kind of

atom. An element is a pure substance as it cannot be broken down or
transformed into a new substance even by using some physical or
chemical means. Elements are mostly metals, non-metals or
metalloids.

COMPOUNDS are also pure substances when two or more

elements are combined chemically in a fixed ratio. However, these
substances can be broken down into separate elements by chemical
methods.
LET’S GIVE IT A TRY!

ELEMEN
COMPOUND COMPOUND
T

ELEMENT COMPOUND ELEMENT

MIXTURES
A substance, on the other hand, is impure if it consists of different kinds of
elements combined physically and not chemically. Impure substances are
also called mixtures.
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE occasionally called a solution, is
comparatively unvarying in configuration or constant. Every unit of the
mixture is like every other unit. For instance, if you liquefy sugar in
water and blend it really well, your concoction is essentially the same, no
matter where you sample it.

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE is a concoction whose configuration

varies from spot to spot within the sample. For example, if you put a little
amount of sugar in a vessel, add some sand, and then shake the jar a couple
of times, your concoction doesn’t have the same configuration all
throughout the jar.
LET’S GIVE IT A TRY!
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METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
1. HANDPICKING
• Involves simply picking out all the
unwanted substances by hand and
separating them from useful ones.
• It is usually used to separate stones
from grains, rice pulses, etc. at home
and groceries shops.
• In this type both the components are
in solid form, these are big enough
to separate them by hand.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
2. THRESHING
• Mostly done during the harvesting of
crops.
• The grain is then separated from the
stalks and grounded into the floor by
beating the dry stalks to shake off the
dried grains.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
3. WINNOWING
• Normally the separation of the mixture
is carried out with the help of wind or
blowing air.
• The husk and chaff are blown away by
the strong wind when the farmers drop
the mixture from a certain height to the
ground. The heavier grains are collected
at one place.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
4. SIEVING
• It is done to separate mixtures that
contain substances mostly of different
sizes.
• The mixture is passed through the pores
of the sieve. All the smaller substances
pass through easily while the bigger
components of the mixture are retained.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
5. EVAPORATION
• Usually a solution of a solvent and a
soluble solid.
• In this method, the solution is heated
until the organic solvent evaporates
where it turns into a gas and mostly
leaves behind the solid residue.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
6. DISTILLATION • When mixtures consist of two or
more pure liquids than distillation
is used.
• Here the components of a liquid
mixture are vaporized, condensed
and then isolated. The mixture is
heated and the component which is
volatile evaporates first. The vapor
moves through a condenser and is
collected in a liquid state.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
7. FILTRATION
• The most common method of
separating a liquid from an insoluble
solid is the filtration.
• For example, the mixture of sand and
water.
• Filtration is used here to remove solid
particles from the liquid. Various
filtering agents are normally used like
filtering paper or other materials.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
8. SEDIMENTATION
• Sedimentation is a process by
which heavier impurities
present in liquid normally
water settle down at the bottom
of the container containing the
mixture.
• The process takes some
amount of time.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
9. SEPARATING FUNNEL
• Used mainly to segregate two
immiscible liquids.
• The mechanism involves taking
advantage of the unequal density of
the particles in the mixture.
• Oil and water can be easily separated
using this technique.
METHODS OF SEPERATING MIXTURE
10. MAGNETIC SEPARATION
• When one substance in the
mixture has some magnetic
properties then this method
is quite useful.
• Strong magnets are
commonly used to separate
magnetic elements.
 CHANGES IN MATTER

CHEMICAL CHANGE PHYSICAL CHANGE

LET’S GIVE IT A TRY!
Digestion Cooking egg Breaking egg Folding paper

Chemical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Physical Change

Breaking glass Rusting metal Shredding paper Souring milk

Physical Change Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change

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