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BOT 202 - Lecture 5 - Coding of Data

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19 views12 pages

BOT 202 - Lecture 5 - Coding of Data

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abidogunabdulazeez
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BOT 202: BIOMETRY

Lecturer: Professor S. Olajide OKE


CODING OF DATA FOR EASIER COMPUTATION
An important procedure to learn is Coding of
original data for easier computation.
Coding can be done by the addition or subtraction
of a constant number to the original data,
and/or the multiplication or divisionof these original
data by a constant number.
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
 Additive Coding:
 This is achieved by the addition or subtraction of a
constant number (since subtraction is only addition
of a negative number).
 Multiplicative Coding:
 This is achieved by the multiplication or division of a
constant number (since division is only
multiplication by the reciprocal of the divisor).
 Combination Coding:
 This is achieved by the application of both Additive
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
• Coding Procedure
 Mean:
 When a constant has been added to each variate,
the coded mean is decoded by subtracting the
constant.
 When variates have been coded by being multiplied
by a constant, the mean can be decoded by being
divided by the same constant.
 Similarly, when variates have been coded by
division, the mean is decoded by multiplication by
the same constant.
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
 Mean coded by combination coding can be decoded
by performing the inverse operation, in reverse
sequence.

 Frequency and Distributions


• Implied Limits Class Mark (Y) Frequency (F)
• 3.25 – 3.55 3.40 2
• 3.55 – 3.85 3.70 8
• 3.85 –4.15 4.00 5
• 4.15 – 4.45 4.30 8
• 4.45 – 4.75 4.60 2
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
 DATA WITHOUT CODING: Mean,Variance & Std Dev.
Class Mark (Y) Frequency (F) Y2 FY FY2
3.40 2 11.56 6.8 23.12
3.70 8 13.69 29.6 109.52
4.00 5 16.00 20.0 80.00
4.30 8 18.49 34.4 147. 92
4.60 2 21.16 9.2 42.32
∑f= 25 100.0 402.88

MEAN= ∑fY = 100 = 4.0


∑f 25

Variance= (S2) = ∑fY2 – (∑fY)2


∑f______
∑f-1
BOT 202: BIOMETRY

• WITHOUT CODING CONTD


• = 402.88 – (100)2
• 25
• 25-1 = 0.12
•
• Standard deviation (S) = √S2
• = √0.12 = 0.3394
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
DATA WITH CODING: Mean,Variance & Std Dev.
Easier estimation of tedious data c=code
YC = [ Y – 3.3] x 10
•
• (Y) (F) YC Y2c FYc FY2C
• 3.40 2 1 1 2 2
• 3.70 8 4 16 32 128
• 4.00 5 7 49 35 245
• 4.30 8 10 100 80 800
• 4.60 2 13 169 26 338
• ∑f= 25 175 1513

• YC = [ Y – 3.3] x 10

• From each variate (Y) remove 3.3 (to remove the decimal place) and you multiply
the result 10.

• Note: Subtraction and Addition are Additive and when you multiply the variate (Y)
is Multiplicative Coding.
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
• DATA WITH CODING: Mean,Variance & Std Dev
• MEAN
• Coded Mean= ∑fYC = 175 = 7
∑f 25
• When the Mean is being decoded, both the
Additive and the Multiplicative code will be
considered because both of them affect Mean.
• Decoding:
• Original Mean (Y) = 7÷ 10 ; + 3.3 = 4.0
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
• Coded Variance:
 Coded Variance = (S2C) = ∑fY2C – (∑fYC)2
∑f______
∑f-1

 S2C = 1513 – (175)2


25______ = 1513—1225 = 12
25-1 24
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
• Original Variance:

• This coded variance (


S2C) is to decoded to get the original variance
( S2).
This was done to Code the original data : Y-3.3; x 10 :
• Now to decode, the additive code does not affect the spread, additive
code will not be considered because additive code do not affect the
standard deviation and variance only the multiplicative code can
affect the spread.
• As a result multiplicative code will be considered.
• The variance is squared deviation. Since the variates (Y) were squared in variance,
the constant will be squared when carrying out the decoding operation.
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
• Variance:
Therefore, the 3.3 that was removed from each
variate (Y) as additive coding will not be considered
when decoding because it does not affect the
spread.
Decoding :
Y ÷ 10; + 3.3; but the additive code will be ignored.
S2 = 12 ÷ 10; but the 10 will be squared = 12÷102
= 0.12
BOT 202: BIOMETRY
• Conclusion:
Thank you for Listening
Assignment:

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