Earth

Science
 Minerals
and Rocks
 OBJECTIVES:
1.Describe the different physical and chemical
properties of rocks forming minerals,
2.Identify the common rocks-forming minerals
using their physical and chemical properties
3. Classify properties of rocks-forming
minerals as physical or chemical property.
 Arrange the jumbled letters to find the appropriate criteria
to determine whether a material is classified as a mineral
or not.

1. N L T L A U R Y N G O I R U C C
___________________________- It is a product of Earth’s natural
processes.

2. C A I I R O G N
___________________________- It must be product of
Earth’s physical processes.
3. S O U E N E G O M O H D I L O S
___________________________- have definite
shape and volume.
4. E N I L L A T S Y R C E S R T R U C U T
__________________________- atoms are arranged
in order of increasing pattern.
5. L M C E H A I NOITOCMOPSI
____________________- represented by
chemical formula
 A mineral is a naturally occurring
inorganic solid with a definite chemical
composition and a crystalline structure.
Chemical composition and crystalline
structure are the two most important
properties of a mineral: they distinguish any
mineral from all others.
 Characteristics of Minerals

1.naturally occurring- a product of Earth’s

natural processes
2. inorganic- it must be product of Earth’s
physical processes.
3. homogeneous solid- minerals should
have definite volume and rigid shape
4. definite chemical composition—
represented by a chemical formula
5. orderly crystalline structure-
atoms of minerals are arranged in
an orderly and repeating pattern
PHYSICAL PROPERTY CHEMICAL PROPERTY
• observed with senses • indicates how a
• determined without substance reacts with
destroying matter something else
• matter will be change into
a new substance after
reaction
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS

Cleavage – is the tendency of some minerals to

break along flat surfaces. The surfaces are
planes of weak bonds in the crystal. The number
of cleavage planes, the quality of cleavage and
the angles between cleavages planes all help in
mineral identification.
Fracture – the manner in which mineral
breaks other than along planes of cleavage
 Hardness – the resistance of a mineral to
scratching, controlled by the bond strength between
its atoms.
To measure hardness more accurately, geologists use a
scale based on 10 minerals, numbered 1 through 10
(Table 1). Each mineral is harder than those with lower
numbers on the scale—so 10 (diamond) is the hardest
and 1 (talc) is the softest. The scale is known as the
Mohs hardness scale, after Friedrich Mohs, the
Austrian mineralogist who developed it in the early 19 th
century.
 Specific gravity – is the weight of the substance
relative to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Color – is the most obvious property of a

mineral, and it is often used in identification.
But color can be unreliable because small
amounts of chemical impurities and
imperfections in crystal structure can
dramatically alter color.
Streak – refers to the color of the fine powder of
a mineral, usually obtained by rubbing the
mineral on an unglazed, porcelain streak plate.
Luster – is the quality and intensity of
light reflected from the surface of a
mineral.
 Tenacity- describes the minerals reaction to stress.

 Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder

 Malleability a mineral can be flattened by pounding
with a hammer.
 Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into wire.
 Flexible but Inelastic-Minerals are bent but they remain
in the new position.
 Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent, and they bring
back to their original position.
MINERAL CLASSES AND THE ROCKS-
FORMING MINERALS

Silicates are minerals whose chemical

elements include silicon and oxygen and
whose crystal structures contain silicate
tetrahedral. Silicates make up about 92
percent of the Earth’s crust.
 Carbonates are minerals whose chemical
elements include carbon and oxygen as a major
part of their chemical composition. Carbonates
are much less common than silicates but they
are important rocks-forming minerals because
they form sedimentary rocks that cover large
regions of every continent.
Sulfides are minerals whose chemical elements include
sulfur bonded to a metal ion. An example is pyrite,
(FeS2) known as “fool’s gold”.

Native elements are minerals that consist of only one

element and thus the element occurs in the native state
(not chemically bonded other elements).
 ROCKS AND ROCK CYCLE
Rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more
minerals. The aggregate minerals forming the rocks are held
together by chemical bonds. Grains can be different in color, texture,
and sizes. Geologists then group rocks into three categories based on
how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rock.
Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
Petrologists classify rocks based on how they were formed.
 What are the three
categories or basis of
how rocks are form?
 Igneous rocks,
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
 Igneous rock formed from hardening and crystallization of
magma or molten material that originates deep within the earth.

The molten rock matter below the Earth’s surface is

called magma whereas the molten rock material at the
surface of the Earth is called lava.

There are two major categories of igneous

rocks: extrusive (volcanic rock) and
intrusive (plutonic rock).
 Sedimentary rocks
Over geologic time, water and air attack rocks of all kinds at
Earth’s surface through the process called weathering,
breaking them down into smaller particles.

These particles – including gravel, sand, clay and all

other fragments weathered and eroded from rock-
accumulate in loose, unconsolidated layers called
sediment
The processes of compaction
and cementation transform, or
lithify, sediments into solid,
coherent layers of rock.
Four major categories of sedimentary rocks

clastic (broken fragments of solid arc), organic

(rocks that lithify from remains of organisms,
both plants and animals), chemical precipitate
(forms from direct precipitation of minerals from
solution) and bioclastic (composed of broken
shell fragments and similar remains of living
organisms)
 Metamorphic rock

Formed when igneous, sedimentary

or other metamorphic rocks
recrystallize in response to elevated
temperature, increased pressure,
chemical change and or deformation.
 Metamorphism

It means “changing form” is the process by

which rising temperature and pressure or
changing chemical conditions, transform
rocks and minerals. It can change any type
of parent rock: sedimentary, igneous or even
another metamorphic rock.
 Four types of metamorphism:

contact metamorphism (occurs

when hot magma intrudes cooler
rock of any type), burial
metamorphism (results from burial
of rocks in a sedimentary basin),
 regional dynamothermal metamorphism
(occurs when major crustal movements build
mountains and deform rocks), and
hydrothermal metamorphism (occurs when
hot water and ions dissolved in the hot water
react with a rock to change its chemical
composition and minerals).
 Rock cycle

A sequence of events in which rocks

are formed, destroyed, altered, and
reformed by geological processes. It
does not follow a set order, and can
take many different paths.
Fill in the missing
word/term to
complete the rock
cycle.
 Sedimentary
Heat and/or pressure
Igneous Metamorphic
Minerals Metamorphism Thermal Expansion
Intrusion/eruption
Complete the
concept map using
the words below.
Metamorphic Clastic Contact metamorphism
Sedimentary Extrusive Regional Metamorphism
Non- Clastic Igneous Intrusive