MATERIAL SCIENCE

AND ENGINEERING
Module 2
Types of Engineering Materials
Module 3
Engineering Materials Composition
 Module 2
Types of Engineering
Materials
• Classifications of Materials
• Advanced Materials
• Future Materials
• Modern Materials Needs
Classifications of Materials
METALS

CERAMICS

ENGINEERING MATERIALS

POLYMERS

COMPOSITES
Classifications of Materials
FERROUS METAL

NON-FERROUS
METAL

METALS Metals are opaque, lustrous elements that are good conductors of heat and
electricity. Most metals are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than
the other elemental substances. Strong yet deformable under applied mechanical
loads; opaque to light (shiny if polished). Pure metals are not good enough for many
applications, especially structural applications. Thus metals are used in alloy form i.e.
a metal mixed with another metal to improve the desired qualities. E.g.: aluminum,
steel, brass, gold.
Classifications of Materials
CRYSTALLINE
CERAMICS

GLASSES

CERAMICS These are inorganic compounds, and usually made either of oxides, carbides,
nitrides, or silicates of metals. Ceramics are typically partly crystalline and partly
amorphous. Depending on their method of formation, ceramics can be dense or
lightweight. Typically, they will demonstrate excellent strength and hardness
properties; however, they are often brittle in nature. Some ceramics, like
superconductors, also display magnetic properties. These materials are usually
insulators to heat and electricity. Examples: glass, porcelain, many minerals.
Classifications of Materials
THERMOPLASTICS

THERMOSETS

ELASTOMERS

POLYMERS Polymers are materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules. The materials
have unique properties, depending on the type of molecules being bonded and how
they are bonded. Some polymers bend and stretch, like rubber and polyester. Others
are hard and tough, like epoxies and glass. Polymers in the form of thermo-plastics
(nylon, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, rubber, etc.) consist of molecules that have
covalent bonding within each molecule and van der Waals forces between them.
Polymers in the form of thermo-sets (e.g., epoxy, phenolics, etc.) consist of a
network of covalent bonds.
Classifications of Materials
METAL MSTRIX COMPOSITES

CERAMIX MATRIX COMPOSITES

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES

COMPOSITES A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical

and chemical properties. When they are combined they create a material which is
specialized to do a certain job, for instance to become stronger, lighter or resistant to
electricity. They can also improve strength and stiffness. The reason for their use
over traditional materials is because they improve the properties of their base
materials and are applicable in many situations. For example is reinforced cement
concrete, a structural composite obtained by combining cement (the matrix), sand
(fine aggregate), gravel (coarse aggregate), and, thick steel fibers. However, there are
some natural composites available in nature, for example – wood. The main classes
of composites are metal-matrix, polymer-matrix, and ceramic-matrix.
Advance Materials
• These are materials used in High-Tech devices those operate based on relatively intricate and
sophisticated principles (e.g. computers, air/space-crafts, electronic gadgets, etc.). These
materials are either traditional materials with enhanced properties or newly developed materials
with high-performance capabilities. Hence these are relatively expensive. Typical applications:
integrated circuits, lasers, LCDs, fiber optics, thermal protection for space shuttle, etc. Examples:
Metallic foams, inter-metallic compounds, multi-component alloys, magnetic alloys, special
ceramics and high temperature materials, etc.
• Used in high-technology applications, such as semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and
nanoengineered materials.
Advance Materials
SEMICONDUCTORS
• Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between those of electrical
conductors (i.e., metals and metal alloys) and insulators (i.e., ceramics and polymers)
• Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally
revolutionized the electronics and computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the last
four decades.
BIOMATERIALS
• Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body to replace diseased or
damaged body parts.
• These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues
(i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions).
• All of the preceding materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors—
may be used as biomaterials.
Advance Materials
SMART MATERIALS
• Smart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being
developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies.
• The adjective smart implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environment and
then respond to these changes in predetermined manners—traits that are also found in living
organisms.
NANOMATERIALS
• One new material class that has fascinating properties and tremendous technological promise is the
nanomaterials, which may be any one of the four basic types—metals, ceramics, polymers, or
composites.
• Unlike other materials, they are not distinguished on the basis of their chemistry but rather their
size; the Nano prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a
nanometer (10−9 m)—as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (nm); (equivalent to approximately 500
atoms).
Future Materials
• Group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed, and expected to have
significant influence on present-day technologies, especially in the fields of medicine,
manufacturing and defense. Smart/Intelligent material system consists some type of sensor
(detects an input) and an actuator (performs responsive and adaptive function). Actuators may be
called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, mechanical characteristics in response
to changes in temperature, electric/magnetic fields, moisture, pH, etc.
• Four types of materials used as actuators: Shape memory alloys, Piezo-electric ceramics,
Magnetostrictive materials, Electro-/Magneto-rheological fluids. Materials / Devices used as
sensors: Optical fibers, Piezo-electric materials, Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), etc.
• Typical applications: By incorporating sensors, actuators and chip processors into system,
researchers are able to stimulate biological human-like behavior; Fibers for bridges, buildings, and
wood utility poles; They also help in fast moving and accurate robot parts, high speed helicopter
rotor blades; Actuators that control chatter in precision machine tools; Small microelectronic
circuits in machines ranging from computers to photolithography prints; Health monitoring
detecting the success or failure of a product.
Modern Materials Needs
Though there has been tremendous progress over the decades in the field of materials
science and engineering, innovation of new technologies, and need for better performances of
existing technologies demands much more from the materials field. Moreover it is evident that new
materials/technologies are needed to be environmental friendly. Some typical needs, thus, of
modern materials needs are listed in the following:
• Engine efficiency increases at high temperatures: requires high temperature structural materials
• Use of nuclear energy requires solving problem with residues, or advances in nuclear waste
processing.
• Hypersonic flight requires materials that are light, strong and resist high temperatures.
• Optical communications require optical fibers that absorb light negligibly.
• Civil construction – materials for unbreakable windows.
• Structures: materials that are strong like metals and resist corrosion like plastics.
 Module 3
Engineering Materials
Composition
• Chemical Composition
• Atomic Bonding
• Corrosion Resistance
• Acidity or Alkalinity
Chemical Composition
Chemical composition refers to the arrangement, type, and ratio of atoms in molecules of
chemical substances. Chemical composition varies when chemicals are added or subtracted from a
substance, when the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes occur in
chemicals.
The chemical composition of engineering material indicates the elements which are
combined together to form that material. Chemical composition of a material effects the properties
of engineering materials very much. The strength, hardness, ductility, brittleness, corrosion
resistance, weldability etc. depends on chemical composition of materials.
Atomic Bonding
Atomic bonding represents how atoms are bounded to each other to form the material.
Many properties, such as melting point, boiling point, thermal conductivity and electrical
conductivity of materials are governed by atomic bonding of materials. Hence, to understand the
properties of materials, it is very important to study the atomic bonding of materials. Atomic bonds
in materials are of following types:
IONIC BONDS
• Forms by exchanging of valence electrons between atoms.
• Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of
chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions.
• In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the
nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.
Atomic Bonding
COVALENT BONDS
• Forms by sharing of electrons between atoms.
• Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms.
• This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to
each other in the periodic table.
• This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals; however, it can also be observed between
nonmetals and metals.
METALLIC BONDS
• Found in metals.
• Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that rises from the electrostatic attractive force
between conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and
positively charged metal ions
Corrosion Resistance
Corrosion is a gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by its surrounding
medium. Due to the corrosion, metal starts getting converted into an oxide, salt or some other
compound. Corrosion of a metals is effected by many factors such as air, industrial atmosphere,
acid, bases, slat solutions and soils etc. Corrosion has a very adverse effect on materials. Due to
corrosion, the strength and life of a material is reduced.
Corrosion resistance of a material is the ability of material to resist the oxidation in
atmospheric condition. Generally pure metals such as iron, copper, aluminum etc. gets corroded in
slowly in atmosphere. To avoid the corrosion of these metal in pure form, we use these metals in
the form of alloys such as stainless steel, brass, bronze, German silver, Gunmetal etc.
Acidity or Alkalinity
Acidity is a measure of a solution's capacity to react with a strong base (usually sodium
hydroxide) to a predetermined pH value. ... Alkalinity is the measure of a solution's capacity to react
with a strong acid (usually sulfuric acid) to a predetermined pH.
Acidity or Alkalinity is an important chemical property of engineering materials. A material
is Acetic or Alkane, it is decided by the pH value of the material. pH value of a material varies from 0
to 14. pH value of 7 is considered to be neutral. Ordinary water is having pH value of 7. The
materials which are having pH value below 7 are called Acetic and Materials which are having pH
value greater than 7 are called alkane. Acidity of Alkalinity of material indicates that how they react
with other materials.
THANK YOU AND
GOD BLESS