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22 views16 pages

Presentation 5

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baghd207
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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JUPITER PUBLIC SCHOOL

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Submitted To : Abhishek Patra


SUBIMTTED BY : Debasish Bagh
CLASS : XII
ROLL NO : 23BP030
SESSION : 2024 / 2025
SCHOOL : Jupiter Public School
CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the Physics Project


Titled “Debasish Bagh” has been
Successfully Completed By of Class XII
in Partial fulfilment of Curriculum of
Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) Leading to the Award of Annual
Examination of the Year 2024 /2025.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my


gratitude towards our physics teacher
Abhishek Patra for his guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the
project. Without his motivation and help the
successful completion of this project would not
have been possible.
INDEX

 CERTIFICATE

 ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT

 INTRODUCTION

 OBJECTIVE

 APPARATUS
REQUIRED

 THEORY

 CONCLUSION

 REFERENCES
INDEX

1. Objective
2. Apparatus Required
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Circuit Diagram
6. Observation/Observation Table
7. Results
8. Applications
9. Bibliography
OBJECTIVE

To estimate the charge induced on each of the


two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls
suspended in a vertical plane by making use
of Coulomb
Apparatus Required

• Small size identical Styrofoam balls


• Physical balance or electronic balance
• Meter Scale
• Teflon thread
• Stand
• Glass rod (or plastic rod)
• Silk cloth (or wool cloth)
Introduction
The transformer is a device used for
converting a low alternating voltage or vice-
versa. A Transformer based on the principle
of mutual induction according to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in
the neighbouring coil. A transformer is an
electrical device which is used for changing
the A.C. voltages. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of sizes. In
electronic measurement and control circuit,
transformer size may be so small that it
weighs only a few tens of grams where as
may weight hundreds of tones. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step-up transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called
a step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits
Theory

When an altering e.m.f is supplied to the


primary coil p1p2, an alternating current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary. In a good
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary,
and then the induced e.m.f induced in each
turn of the secondary is equal to that induced
in each turn of the primary. Thus, if Ep and Es
be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.s
induced in the primary and the secondary and
Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coil of the transformer and:
rate of change of flux in each turnoff
the coil at this instant, we have
Ep=-Np ----------(1)
And
Es=-Ns ----------(2)
Since the above relations are true at
every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we
get:
Es/Ep=Ns/Np ----------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of
back e.m.f induced in the primary coil
p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E -
Ep) in the instantaneous values of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is
the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by
Ip=E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small,
Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore:
E-Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as:
Es/Ep = Es/E = output e.m.f/ input e.m.f=Ns/
Np =K where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
observation
Mass of Each Ball, (m) = 200 gm.
Radius of the ball, (a) =0.2 cm.
Length of thread (l) = 100 cm.

Sr. no. Charge on Charge on Distance


Ball B1 Ball B2 between the
two Balls (in
cm)

1 0.00μC 0.00μC 0.4cm


2 2.00μC 2.00μC 33.0cm
3 2.00μC 2.00μC 26.2cm
4 1.00μC 1.00μC 20.8cm
RESULTS

• The output voltage of the transformer


across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to
the input voltage.
• The output voltage of the transformer
across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to
the input voltage.
• There is a loss of power between
input and output coil of a transformer.
APPLICATIONS OF
TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations:
• In voltage regulator for T.V. refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
• A step-down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
• A step-down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
• A step-up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
• Transformers are used in voltage regulators
and stabilized power supplies.
• Transformers are used in the transmissions
of a.c. over long distances.
• Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• NCERT Chemistry

• Academia edu

• Dokumen

• YouTube

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