forth.

I would also like to express n1y gratitude to

the other staff of the Department of Physics for
their support during the making of this project.

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1.0bjective
2.~pparatus Required ;;
3.lntrgd~ction 1, , .,, ~ -•·:·
4.Theory
5.Circuit Diagram
6.0bservations/Observati
on Table
7.Results
r O) ~ -rv
a.Applications @
. 0
9~Bibliography· \
•
----...,.. \·
-- ~ ~
0 I3 JE C T·. I 'v!E
' .... .-·
To estimate the charge
induced on each of the
two identical Styrofoam
(or pith) balls suspended
in a verti•c al plane by /.
'). ',
i'
making us·e of Coulomb's
• - I

la~ . ,' \;. :.4' l

t,
r
. ...
Apparatus
Require? •

'

•Small size identical ~

Styrofoam balls ·~
• Pliysical llalar-ce or £,
'>electronic balance
•Meter Scale
(.J
..
• Teflon thread ,\ •

•Stand
•Glass rod (or plastic
rod)
•Silk cloth {or wool
cloth)

ion
I

. :.J, I
'

The transformer is a device used for

converting a low alterinating voltade
Ctoa high alternating voltage or vibe-
versa. A Transformef based on ·t he
- -
principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with
a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced
 in the neighbouring coil. A
transformer is an electrical device
which is used for changing the A.C.
voltages. As such transformers are
built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement
•
and control circuits, transformer
size may be so small that it weighs
· only a few tens of grams where as
'
:;,. in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundreds of tones. In a
transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another
circuit takes place without the use I
of moving parts. A transformer
which increases the voltages is
called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the
A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low
current circuits.
 Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to
the primary coil ,p1 pt, al) alternating
current starts falling in it. the alter ing
current in,._t he 'p rimary pr6duces a ' 1 l
changi'ng magnetic fl~, which induces
altepn9.volta ge in the prJ·maryas we; I
as in the secondary. In a good... L

transformer, whole of the magnetic flax

linked with primary is also linked with
the,,secondary1 and then . the induced ,
e.m.f. induced io each turn of the
' '
secbndary
t
is equal to ttiat inauced in ,
each torn of the primary. Thus, if Ep . 1
and- E's
'
be the instantaneous values bf
the e.m.f.'s Induced in the primary and
the secondary and-Np and Ns are the
no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and:
d<t>/dt= rate of change of flux in each
turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep=-Np d<l>/dt --------- ( 1)
And
- '.-- - - /'
Es=-Ns.'dt:1>/dt ·r----~ -(2-): \ ~ /.
Since the abov:e relations-are true 1at) ")
every instant, so by divi~ing 2 by 1 ;,..,yte
g et: ~ '
. ~ -~ \'
EJ E;=-Ns/Np ___.:____ (3) ~
As Ep is the instantaneous value of i)
back e.m.f induced in the primary co ll
p1, so the instantaneous current in c.,, 1
prj,~ ary coil is due to th~ ·difference (E -
Epf In the instantaneous values-of the
applied and back e.m.f. further if ~ptis
the r~sistance o, p1p2 coil, then the I
instantaneous current ~p ·in th~ primary
coil is given by -
Ip= E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is
small, Rp Ip can be neglected so
therefore:
E-Ep =0 or Ep =E
Thus, back e.m.f= input e.m.f .,. /'
Hence equation 3 ~an be written as·: )
. 0
Es/Ep.= Es/E = output e.m,f/ input e.m.f=
Nsf, Np =K Where K is FOnsta!lt, called_
turn or transformation ratio.
D)
t, I
I

DfElgrarn
Thur • i • lffln In lhl 1n ,.,
ckull rtp1tiCJ1t1 flt bid ol lht M<Ollda,y.
ltlli! lht~ 191btolM .he\,I lht
IQ#QID~martClfflllt ln1119(1111f
IOtl<ltMg bid In flt IICondlfy cicuil

~
V, =I,~ +1,111, - ,\I~
61 61

R•,

. ..
,
• •,
Observati
:, on
•
l

\
•
\·
Mass of Each Ball, (m}
= 200 gm.
Radius of the b_all, (a} =
0.2 cm. ··
Length of thread (I) ~-
100-cm. '' ···
Sr. no. Charge on Charge on Distance
Ball 81 ball 82 between the
two balls (in
cm)
1 I 11 I 11 I '

2.00µC 2.00µC 33.0cm

2.00µC 2.00µC 26.2cm

1.00µC 1.00µC 20.8cm

Res u lts I
I

,
• The output voltage of the • ··
transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to the input voltage.
• The output voltage of the
transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon
the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to
the iriput voltage. 1

• There is ·a; loss of power [ .<),

between ihput and output c·a,1
1

· of a transformer. ..,,,
- \

l
) )
..
•
\
Applicati
ons~ of/~ •"' J ' J .,

;J: D . ' ' 0 ol

T~E a r1 S·TI 0 rm
- .
0
0

4D)
ers
l1 I

~ transfor~er is used iri almost all )

a.c. operations:
(.)
r) 1

• In voltage regulator for T.V., ....

r1gera t or, compu ter,
rel f. ' air
• .
conditioner, etc.
• A step-down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
• A step-down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
• A step-up transformer is used for
the production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
'
• Transformers are used in voltage
r~gulators and stabilized power,0 )
s'upplies. 1
~·Transformers are used in the \·
.,,,. transmissions of a.c. over long
distances. 1J)
• Small transformers are used in 1

Radio sets, telephones, loud

speakers and electric ~ells etc. I
I

?
Bibliogra
. OJ phy
/" ' ) ◄
•
i1

•NCERT Ct-e,istrYJ
•

•Academi~

Do, JMEN ..
•

•Dokumen

•YouTu