MASTER MIND GLOBAL ENGLISH SR.

SECONDARY SCHOOL

IMPROVEMENT IN
FOOD RESOURCES
Guided by :- rajni PRIYA mam
 PRESENTED BY
1. MANISH DHAL 4. SHLOK
PAWAR
2. AARYAN PAWAR 5.TANMAY JOSHI
3. ADITYA BAGADE 6.SHLOK WAYAL
 Improvement in food
resources
1. We know that living organisms need food. Food supplies
proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals, all of
which we require for body development, growth and health.
Both plants and animals are major sources of food for us.
2. India is populous country. Our population is more than one
billion people, and it is still growing. As food for this growing
population, we will soon need more than a quarter of a billion
tones of grain every year. This can be done by farming on
more land. But India is already intensively cultivated.
3. Efforts to meet the food demand by increasing food
production have led to some successes so far. We have had
the green revolution, which contributed to increased food
grain production. We have also had the white revolution,
which has lead to better and more efficient use as well as
availability if milk.

4. Natural resources are getting used more intensively. As a

result there are more chances of casing damage to our
natural resources to the point of destroying their balance
completely.
Improvement in food resources
1. IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELDS
2. CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT
3. CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
4. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
.MANURE , . FERTILISER
5. IRRIGATION
6. CROPPING PATTERNS
7. STORAGE OF GRAIN

8. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

9. CATTLE FARMING

10. POULTRY FARMING

1. EGG AND BROILER PRODUCTION

11. FISH PRODUCTION

1. MARINE FISHERIES
2. INLAND FISHERIES

12. BEE-KEPPING
1. IMPROVEMENT IN CROP
YIELDS
1. CEREALS SUCH AS WHEAT, RICE,
MAIZE, MILLETS AND SORGHUM
PROVIDE US CARBOHYDRATES FOR
ENERGY REQUIREMENT.
2. PULSES LIKE GRAM (CHANA), PEA
(MATAR), BLACK GRAM (URAD),
GREEN GRAM(MOONG), PIGEON PEA
(ARHAR) PROVIDES US PROTEIN.
3. AND OIL SEEDS INCLUDING
SOYABEAN GROUNDNUT AND ETC,
PROVIDE US WITH NECESSARY FAT.
4.Vegetable, spices and fruits provide 10. The third is the protection of the
a range of vitamin and minerals in growing and harvested crops

addition to small amounts of protein, from loss.

carbohydrates and fats.
5. The crop grown in rainy season from
month between June to October are Crop variety
known as kharif crop. improvement.
6.Some crop are grown in winter
season called as rabi crop between
November to April. Crop production
7. In India there has been has a 4 times improvement.
increase in the production of food
grains from 1952 to 2010 with only 25
% increase in the cultivable land area.
Crop protection
8.The first is the choice of seeds for management.
planting.
9.The second is the nurturing of the
crop plant.
1. Crop variety improvement
This approach depends on finding a ◦ Cultivation practices and crop yield are
crop variety that can give a yield. related to weather, soil quality and
Varieties or strains of crop can be availability of water.
selected by breeding for various useful ◦ 1. HIGHER YIELD :-
characteristics such as disease
resistance, response to fertilisers, ◦ TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE
product quality and high yield. CROP PER ACRE.
Hybridisation refers to crossing ◦ 2.IMPROVED QUALITY:-
between genetically dissimilar plants. ◦ QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS OF CROP PRODUCTS VARY
This crossing may be Intervarietal FROM CROP TO CROP. BAKING QUALITY IS IMPORTANT
(between different varieties), IN WHEAT, PROTEIN QUALITY IN PULSES, OIL QUALITY IN
interspecific (between 2 different OILSEEDS AND PRESERVING QUALITY IN FRUITS AND
species of the same genus) or VEGETABLE.
intergeneric (between different
genera).
3. BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC RESISTANCE:- 5. WIDER ADAPTABILITY:-
CROP PRODUCTION CAN GO DOWN DUE TO BIOTIC DEVELOPING VARIETIES FOR WIDER
(DISEASES, INSECTS AND NEMATODES) AND ADAPTABILITY WILL HELP IN STABILISING THE
ABIOTIC (DROUGHT, SALINITY, WATER LOGGING, CROP PRODUCTION UNDER DIFFERENT
HEAT, COLD AND FROST) STRESSES UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. ONE VARIETY
DIFFERENT SITUATION. VARIETIES RESISTANT TO CAN THEN BE GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT
THESE STRESSES CAN IMPROVE CROP CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN DIFFERENT AREAS.
PRODUCTION.
6. DESIRABLE AGRONOMIC
4. CHANGE IN MATURITY DURATION:- CHARACTERISTICS:-
THE SHORTER THE DURATION OF THE CROP FROM TALLNESS AND PROFUSE BRANCHING ARE
SOVING TO HARVESTING, THE MORE ECONOMICAL DESIRABLE CHARACTERS FOR FODDER CROP.
IS THE VARIETY. SUCH SHORTER DURATION ALLOW DWARFNESS IS DESIRED IN CEREALS, SO THAT
FARMER TO GROW MULTIPLE ROUNDS OF CROP IN LESS NUTRIENTS ARE CONSUMED BR THESE
A YEAR. SHORT DURATION ALSO REDUCES THE CROPS. THUS DEVELOPING VARIETIES OF
COST OF CROP PRODUCTION. UNIFORM MATURITY DESIRED AGRONOMIC CHARACTERS HRLP GIVE
MAKES THE HARVESTING PROCESS EASY AND HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY.
REDUCES LOSES DURING HARVESTING.
2. CROP PRODUCTION
MANAGEMENT
1. In India, as in many other
agriculture-based countries, farming
ranges from small to very large
farms.
2. Different farmer thus have more or
less land, money and access to
information and technologies.
3. There is a correlation between
higher input and yields. Nutrient Cropping
irrigation
management pattern
4. Thus purchasing capacity of farmer
for input’s decide cropping system.
5. They include ‘no cost’ , ‘low cost’
and ‘high cost’ production.
1. Nutrient management
◦ Nutrient are supplied to plants by air, ◦ Deficiency of these nutrients affects
water and soil. physiological processes in plants
◦ There are many nutrient essential for including reproduction, growth and
susceptibility to diseases.
plant. Air supplies carbon and
oxygen, hydrogen comes from water
and other thirteen nutrient. ◦ A. MANURE
◦ Amongst these, some plant required
◦ B. FERTILISERS
in large quantities and they are called
macro nutrients.
◦ The other nutrients are used by
plants in small quantities are called
micro- nutrients.
 A. MANURE
1. Manure contains large quantities of I. Composed and vermi-compost:- The process in
organic matter and also supplies which farm waste material like livestock
excreta(cow dung). Vegetable waste, animal
small quantities of nutrients to the
refuse, domestic waste, sewage waste, straw,
soil. Manure is prepared by eradicated weed ETC. is decomposed in pits
decomposition of animal excreta known as composting. The compost is rich in
and plant waste. organic matter and nutrients. Compost is also
prepared by using earthworms to hasten the
2. Manure help in enriching soil with process of decomposition of plant this is known
nutrients and organic matter and as vermi compost.
increasing soil fertility.
II. Green manure:- prior to the sowing of the crop
3. The of organic matter in manure seeds, some plant like sun hemp are grown and
helps in improving the soil structure. then mulched by ploughing them into the soil.
These green plants thus turns into green manure
4. We use biochemical waste in it. which help in enriching the soil in nitrogen and
phosphorus.
 B. fertilizers
◦ Fertilizers are commercially produced for ◦ Continuous use of fertilizer can
plants nutrients fertilizers supply nitrogen, destroy soil fertility because the
phosphorus and potassium. They are used organic matter in the soil is not
to ensure good vegetative growth, giving replenished and micro-organisms in
rise to healthy plants. Fertilizer are a the soil are harmed by the fertilizer
factor in higher yield of high cost farming. use.
◦ Fertilizers should be used carefully in
terms of proper dose, time, and observing
pre- and post application precaution for
their complete utilization. The excess use
of fertilizer then leads to water pollution.
 2. irrigation
◦ India has a wide variety of water 3. canals:- this is usually an elaborate
resources and a highly varied climate. and extensive irrigation system. In this
Under such condition several kind of system canals receive water from one or
irrigation are adopted, such as :- more reservoir or rivers. The canal is
1. wells:-There are two type of wells dug divided into branch canals having further
wells and tube wells. In dug wells, water distributaries to irrigate fields.
is collected from water bearing strata. 4. River lift:- in areas where canal flow is
Tube wells can tap from water from the insufficient or irregular due to inadequate
deeper strata. From these wells water is reservoir release, the lift system is more
lifted up by pump for irrigation. rational. Water is directly drawn from the
2. Tanks:- these are small storage for supplementing irrigation in areas
reservoir, which intercept and store the close to rivers.
run-off of smaller catchment areas.
3. Cropping patterns
◦ Mixed cropping is growing 2 or more ◦ For example soyabean + maize. The
crop simultaneously on the same crops are selected such that their
piece of land. For example wheat + nutrient requirement are different.
gram. This reduces risk and gives This ensures maximum utilization of
some insurance against failure of one nutrient supplied.
of the crop. ◦ The growing of different crop on a
piece of land in pre-planned
◦ Inter-cropping is growing of 2 or more succession is known as crop rotation.
crop on same field simultaneously in
a definite pattern. A few row of one
crop alternate with a few rows of a
second crop.
3. Crop protection management
◦ Field crops are infested by a large ◦ Generally insect pests attack the
number of weeds, insect pests and plants in three ways, (I) they cut the
diseases. root, stem and leaf. (II) they suck the
◦ Weeds are unwanted plant in the cell sap from various parts of plants.
(III) they bore into stem and fruits.
cultivated field, for example xanthium
After they affect the health of crop
(gokhroo), parthenium (gajar ghas).
and reduce yields.
They compete for food, space and
light. ◦ Diseases in plant are caused by
◦ Therefore removal of weeds from pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and
viruses. These can be present in and
cultivated fields during the early
transmitted through the soil, water
stages of crop growth is essential for
and air.
a good harvest.
◦ One of the most commonly used
method is the use of pesticides,
which include herbicides,
insecticides and fungicides.
◦ Weed control method also include
mechanical removal. Preventive
methods such as proper seed bed
preparation, timely sowing of
crops, inter-cropping and crop
rotation also help in weed control.
 Storage of grains
◦ Storage loses in agricultural produce
can be very high.
◦ Factor responsible for loses are biotic
– Insect, rodents, fungi, mites, and
bacteria. Abiotic – inappropriate
moisture and temperature in the
place of storage.
◦ These factor causes degradation in
quality, loss in weight, poor
germinability, Discolouration of
produce, all leading to poor
marketability.
2. Animal husbandry
◦ It is a scientific management of animal
livestock. it includes various aspects
such as feeding , breeding and
diseases control.
◦ Animal based farming include cattle,
goat, sheep, poultry and fish farming.
◦ As the population increases and as Cattle Poultry Fish
farming farming production
living standards increase, the demand
for milk, egg, and meat is also going
up.
◦ Also the growing awareness of need
for humane treatment have brought
new limitation.
 Nutritional value of animal
products
Animal Per cent of nutrient
products
fat protein sugar minerals water vitamins

milk 3.60 4.00 4.50 0.70 87.20 B1, B2,

B12, D, E
Egg 12.00 13.00 ****** 1.00 74.00 B2, d
*
Meat 3.60 21.10 ****** 1.10 74.20 B2, b12
*
 I. Cattle farming
◦ Cattle husbandry is done for two purpose ◦ (A) maintenance requirement, which is to
milk and drought labour for agricultural food required to support the animals to live
work such as tilling, irrigation, and carting. a healthy live and (B) milk producing
◦ Indian cattle belong to two different requirement, which is the type of food
required at the time lactation period.
species, bos indicus (cow), bos bubalis
(buffaloes). Milk producing female are ◦ Animal includes feed:- (A) roughage, which
called milch animals, once who used for is largely fibre and (B) concentrates, which
farm labour are called draught animals. are low in fibre and contain relativity high
◦ The food of diary animals are of two types:- level of protein and other nutrients.
◦ The diseases besides causing death, reduce
◦ Lactation period meaning the period of the
milk production. A healthy animal feeds
production after the birth of a scalf.
regularly and have normal posture.
◦ The parasites of cattle may both
external and internal parasites.
◦ The external parasites live on the
skin and mainly cause skin
diseases.
◦ The internal parasites like worms
affect stomach and intestine
while flukes damage the liver.
◦ Vaccination are given to the farm
animals against many major viral
and bacteria diseases.
II. Poultry farming
◦ Poultry farming is undertaken to raise ◦ Egg and broiler production:-
domestic fowl for egg production and
◦ broiler chicken are fed with vitamin-
chicken meat.
rich supplementary feed for good
◦ The cross breeding programmes growth rate and better feed
between Indian (indigenous, ex:- efficiency.
aseel) and foreign (exotic, ex:-
◦ For good production it is important as
leghorn) breeds for variety
these include maintenance of
improvement.
temperature and hygienic conditions
1. Number of quality of chicks in housing and poultry feed.
2. Dwarf production parent for ◦ The ration (daily food requirement)
commercial chick production. for broilers is protein rich with
3. Summer adaptation capacity // adequate fat. The level of vitamin a
tolerance of high temperature. and k is kept high in the poultry
feeds.
◦ Poultry fowl suffer from a number of
diseases caused by virus, bacteria,
fungi, and parasites, as well as
nutritional deficiencies.
◦ This necessitate proper cleaning,
sanitation and spraying of
disinfectants at regular intervals.
◦ Appropriate vaccination can prevent
the occurrence of infectious diseases
and reduce loss of poultry during an
outbreak of diseases.
III. Fish production
◦ Fish is a cheap source of animal
protein for our food. Fish production
include the finned true fish as well as
shellfish such as prawns and
molluscs.
◦ There are two ways of obtaining fish.
One is form natural resources which
is called capture fishing. The other is
Marine Inland Bee -
by fish farming which is called culture
fisheries fisheries keeping
fishery.
◦ The water resources of fish can be
sea or fresh water.
 I. Marine fisheries
◦ India’s marine fishery resources include
7500km of coastline and the deep seas
beyond it.
◦ Popular marine fish variety include tuna,
Bombay duck and etc. yield are increased
by locating large schools of fish in the sea
using satellites and echo-sounders.
◦ Some marine fish of high economic value
are also farmed in seawater. This include
mullets, bhetki.
◦ As marine fish stocks get further depleted ,
the demand for more fish can only be met
by such culture fisheries, practice called
mariculture.
 II. Inland fisheries
◦ Fresh water resources include canals, ◦ This increase the fish yield in the pond.
ponds, reservoirs and rivers. Brackish ◦ One problem with such composite fish
water where seawater and fresh water mix
culture is that many of these fish breed
together, such as estuaries and lagoons
only during monsoon. Even if fish seed is
are also important fish reservoirs.
collected from the wild it can be mixed with
◦ Fish culture is sometime done in that of other species as well.
combination with rice crop, so that fish are ◦ So, a major problem in fish farming is the
grown in the water in the paddy field.
lack of availability of good seed quality.
◦ In such a system, a combination of five or
six fish species is used in a single fish
pond. These are selected so that they do
not compete for food among them having
different type of food habits.
 III. Bee - keeping
◦ Honey is widely used and therefore bee- ◦ This variety is commonly used for
keeping for making honey has become an commercial honey production. The Italian
agricultural enterprise. bees have high honey collection capacity.
◦ In addition to honey the beehive are the They sting somewhat less. They stay in a
given beehive for long period, and breed
source of wax which is used in various
very well.
medicinal preparations.
◦ For commercial honey production, bee
◦ The local variety of bees used for
farms or apiaries are established.
commercial honey production are APIS
CERANA INDICA, common known as Indian ◦ The value or quality of honey depends
bee, (A) dorsata, the rock bee and (B) upon the pasturage, or the flower available
florae , the little bee. An Italian bee to the bees or nectar and pollen collection.
variety, (A). Mellifera, has also been
brought in to yield of honey.
Question for students
◦1. what are macro-nutrients and why are they called macro-
nutrients?
◦2. how do plants get nutrients?
◦3.which method is commonly used for improving cattle breeds
and why?
◦4. What is crop rotation?
◦5. What is green manure?
◦6. what are the factor of crop production management?
THANK YOU