Pressure

Why do predators often have

SHARP teeth and claws?

Why does wearing skis stop

you SINKING into the snow?
 Key words
Pressure 压强 Mercury 水银
Measurement 测量 Glass tube 玻璃管
Manometer 连通器 Calculate 计算
Barometer 气压计 Area 面积
High pressure 高压 Depth 深度
Low pressure 低压 Density 密度
Atmospheric pressure Fluid 流体
大气压强
Vacuum 真空 Liquid 液体
 CIE IGCSE Pressure
• Relate pressure to force and area, using appropriate
examples
• Recall and use the equation p = F/A
• Relate (without calculation) the pressure beneath a
liquid surface to depth and to density, using
appropriate examples
• Recall and use the equation p = ρgh
• Describe the simple mercury barometer and
its use in measuring atmospheric pressure
• Use and describe the use of a manometer
 pressure in solids
Pressure is the amount of force applied perpendi
cular to the surface of an object per unit area. P
ressure （压强） is used to compare the effect of th
e pressure （压力） .
Pressure – Stick notes in your book
• What pressure is the force per unit area exerted by
an object on a surface with which it is in contact with.
• How to calculate it
• Pressure = Force / Area
• P=F/A
• Units N / m2
• Special unit the pascal Pa 1Pa=1 N / m2
• 1000 Pa = 1kPa kilopascal
Increasing pressure
Reducing pressure
 Exercise 2: Pressure
Pressure tells us over what sort of area a _____
force is
acting. Pressure depends upon two factors: the force
that is being applied and the ____
area over which the
force is acting.
The larger the force, the greater the ________.
pressure The
______ the force, the lower the pressure.
smaller
The smaller the area, the _______
greater the pressure. The
larger the area, the smaller the pressure.

greater area pressure force smaller

 Exercise 4: Pressure Calculations 1
1. What are the units of pressure, force and area?
Pressure measured in Pascals.
Force measured in Newtons.
Area measured in metres squared.
2. A force of 500 N acts over an area of 10 m2. What pressure is
created by this force?
50 Pa.
3. A girl of weight 400 N has feet of area 100 cm2. What pressure
does she put on the ground?
4 N/cm2.

4. A car of weight 6 400 N has four wheels. Each wheel has an

area of 80 cm2. What pressure does the car put on the ground?
20 N/cm2.
Pressure in liquids

Pressure in liquids acts in all

directions.

The greater the depth the greater the

pressure, as the mass (and therefore the
force exerted) is greater.
Pressure is exerted throughout the liquid and in all directions.
The deeper the water the greater the pressure because the weight of the
water is greater
Pressure in Liquids

Higher density
higher pressure

There is the same liquid

pressures equal everywhere
 Calculating pressure
• Pressure = acceleration due to gravity x depth x density

P = ghρ or P = ghD

the unit of pressure: N/m2

the unit of acceleration:N/kg
the unit of depth:m
the unit of density:kg/m3
pressure p is proportional to depth(height) h .
 Pressure in Liquid
To calculate the pressure at a depth h and a
density ρ
Volume of liquid = base area x depth = Ah
Mass of liquid = density x volume = ρ Ah
Weight of liquid = mass x g = ρ g Ah
g = 10 N/kg
Force on base = ρ g Ah
This force is acting on area A
Pressure = force / area = ρ g Ah = ρ g h
A
 Pressure in a liquid
If the density of water is 1000kg/m 3,what is the
pressure due to the water at the bottom of a
swimming pool 2m deep?
Air pressure demonstration
 Air Pressure
Acts in all direction
Kinetic Theory – in a gas, the molecules
are constantly striking and bouncing off
the wall of a container. The force of
these impacts causes pressure
 Air Pressure
We can measure atmospheric pressure using a
barometer.
 Air Pressure
We can measure atmospheric pressure using a
barometer.
The sealed tube
contains a vacuum.
Air pressure will push
mercury up the tube.
At sea level a column
of 760 mm of
mercury can be
supported.

http://www.learner.org/courses/chemistry/visuals/visuals.html?
dis=U&num=Ym5WdElUQS9NeW89
 Air Pressure

We can measure atmospheric pressure using a

barometer.
The sealed tube contains
a vacuum. Air pressure
will push mercury up the
tube. At sea level a
column of 760 mm of
mercury can be
supported.(100000pa)

As atmospheric
pressure changes, so
does the height of
mercury in the tube.
Pressure in liquids

Pressure acts in all

directions
Pressure
increase
s with
depth
 Pressure in liquids
The weight of the liquid
causes pressure in the
container. It also causes
pressure on any object in the
liquid.
Properties:
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It
also causes pressure on any
object in the liquid.

Properties:

Pressure acts in all

directions. The liquid
pushes on all surfaces it is in
contact with. For a submarine
this means that pressure is
being exerted equally on all
parts of the hull.
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It
also causes pressure on any
object in the liquid.

Properties:

Pressure increases
with depth. The deeper a
liquid, the greater the weight
above and so the higher the
pressure. This is why dams
are built with a taper towards
a thicker base.
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It
also causes pressure on any
object in the liquid.

Properties:

Pressure increases
with depth. The deeper a
liquid, the greater the weight
above and so the higher the
pressure. This is why dams
are built with a taper towards
a thicker base.
Pressure depends
upon the density of
the liquid. The more dense
 Pressure in liquids

The weight of the liquid causes

pressure in the container. It
also causes pressure on any
object in the liquid.

Properties:

Pressure doesn’t
depend upon the
shape of the container.
The pressure at any particular
depth is the same whatever
the shape or width of the
container.
http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~hoffman/ua200/fluids/2b2040.gif
 Pressure in liquids – calculations

Pressure at any
given point:

Pressure = ρgh
Depth
Density = ρ
=h
ρ (Greek letter ‘rho’)
g = 10 N/kg
h = height of liquid

Base area =
A
 Pressure in liquids – calculations
Pressure at any given point:

Pressure = ρgh

ρ (Greek letter ‘rho’)

g = 10 N/kg
h = height of liquid
Depth
Density = ρ
=h
eg. If the density of water is
1000 kg/m3, what is the
pressure due to the water at
the bottom of a swimming
pool 3m deep?
Pressure = ρgh

Pressure = 1000 x 10 x 3
Base area =
A
Pressure = 30 000 Pa
The Manometer

A manometer measures
pressure difference.

The height difference (h)

compares the pressure
being measured with the
h atmospheric pressure.

In this example, the

pressure being measured
is less than the
atmospheric pressure.
The Manometer
1.A manometer is a U-
shaped tube, holding a small
amount of liquid

2.When both ends are open ,

the levels of the liquid in the
two sides are the same
h
3.If one side is connected to
the gas supply, the gas
pushes down on the liquid
and force it round the bend.
The levels are now unequal,
showing that there is a
difference in pressure.
Questions 5.6 5.7
Mark scheme
Mark scheme