Reproduction

z
ASEXUAL
z REPRODUCTION

A type of reproduction that produces

identical offspring from a single parent
plant.
Because the offspring are clones of
their parents, asexual reproduction
eliminates genetic recombination.
main-qimg-aaa4d4d5e367ab0b6bb20fb79e35381c.webp

Mostz plants are able to reproduce asexually in

a variety of means or strategies.
One strategy of plants reproducing asexually is
through its vegetative parts, such as

roots

Angeleco

Moringa oleifera
Stems leaves
1)Natural Vegetative Reproduction
z

The type of reproduction in

plants from its vegetative parts
or specialized reproductive
structures.
The z structures of plants that reproduce
vegetatively come mostly from modified stems,
such as;
corms rhizomes

tubers

runners
 Stemz
Is the most commonly–modified vegetative
organ.

Strawberries - Reproduce by means of long, horizontal

(Fragaria ananassa) stems (called stolons or runners) that run
along the surface of the soil. These
horizontal stems have nodes or regions
where new shoot system and root system
can be reproduced above and below them.
Rhizomes
z

Are underground stems that allow some plants

to form a network and produce their kind.

Irises - Are plants that reproduce via these horizontal

underground stems. Just like stolons, new plants will
arise from the nodes of a rhizome.
Tubers
z

Specialized for storage of reproduction.

Potatoes are expanded portion of a rhizomes

branch.
BULBS z

 Are short, vertical underground stems.

 BULBS are seen in lilies and garlic plants with short

stems but with highly modified leaves that store
nutrients.
CORMS
z

gladioli crocuses
That resemble much like bulbs but with disc – like parts
primarily of stem tissue.
LEAVES
z

SN: Kalanchoe daigremontiana - Reproduces from its leaves.

CN: Mother of thousand/Alligator Plant

SUCKERS
z

SPROUT
Self check:
z

What are the advantages of

reproducing asexually?

Plant can easily to reproduce and diversify

and to become widely distributed in
geologic regions of the WORLD.
2) ARTIFICIAL
z
PROPAGATION METHODS
These method are frequently employed to give
rise to new, and sometimes novel, plants. They
include grafting, cutting, layering and
micropropagation .

Often faster than growing plants from

seeds.
Grafti
z

ng

Simply involves attaching a piece of

stem from one plant to a root beating
stem of another plant.
Thisz result to the combination of root-
bearing host known as the stock and
the grafted part known as the scion.
Over time, the vascular system of the
scion will merge with that of the stock
forming a continuous vascular system
producing xylem and phloem to
transport water and other nutrients.
Tissue culture
z

The growth of plant tissues in an

artificial liquid or solid culture
media, provides an alternative
means to grow new plants in mass
numbers.
 The cloning of plants
z

through this process is

due to their ability to grow
from single cells.
 Certain hormones are
added into a medium,
causing tissue cells to
grow into new identical
plants or plantlets.
Sexual
z
Reproduction in Flowering
Plants
The leaf-like
z
green
structures
protecting the bud
as the flower
develops are called
sepals.
Collectively, the
sepals are called
calyx.
 What makes the flowers very attractive is the colored
z
whorled of petals. Their varirty of colors, shapes and
sizes makes them attractive to a specific pollinators.
Collectively, the petals are called corolla.
 The male organs of the flowering plant are the long,
filamentous structures called stamens. At the tip of the
stamen is a bulging area called the anther, containing the
pollen grains.
 The vaselike shaped structure called carpel contains the
bulging ovary, the slender stalk called style, and the
stigma with the sticky tip.
 Mostz plants are hermaphrodites, which means
that each flower has both male and female sex
organs.
 There are others, which have the male and
female parts in separate flowers called
monoecious, which means one house. To
avoid pollinating itself, a monoecious plant
produces male and female flowers which
mature at different times.
z
 Example of monoecious
z
Cocos nucifera (L.)

Cucurbitaceae Fam.

SN: Chara vulgaris

 Stages of
z

Sexual
Reproduction
in Plants
 Pollen and Egg Formation
z

 By cutting the anther in half, you will see four

pollen sacs containing microspores that will
undergo meiosis to form four haploid microspores.
 Further meiotic divisions will form pollen Grains
from a generative cell and a tube cell nucleus.
 The tube cell nucleus will be responsible for the
formation of a pollen tube while the generative cell
will later divide to form two sperm cells.
 On the
z other hand, egg cells are formed in the
ovule of the flower which is contained within the
ovary found at the base of the carpel.
 In each ovule, a megaspore mother cell will
undergo meiotic division produce four haploid
megaspores. In most plants, only one of the
four megaspores will develop out of repeated
mitotic divisions to produce eight haploid nuclei
which will be encased within an embryo sac.
Pollinati
z

on
This is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to
the stigma.
 Pollen grains produced by the anther of one plant can
land on the stigma of the flower of another plant.
 A pollen grain carries the male reproductive genes.
When pollen is carried from the stamen to the stigma
of the same plant, the process is called SELF –
POLLINATION.
 z

 This is the transfer of pollen grains from the stamen

to the stigma.
 Pollen grains produced by the anther of one plant can
land on the stigma of the flower of another plant.
 A pollen grain carries the male reproductive genes.
When pollen is carried from the stamen to the stigma
of the same plant, the process is called SELF –
POLLINATION.
z
When pollen is carried to the stigma of
z

another plant, it is called Cross –

pollination.
Most plants have developed ways to avoid
self - pollination, which reduces genetic
variability.
Cross – pollination increases variety and
can give rise to changes that help a species
survive.
z
 In many of the angiosperm, pollens are transported to a
z
stigma from flower to flower by a variety of agents: wind,
water, and animals.
 Mostly animals visit flowers for food.

 A sugary and amino acid –rich liquid substance, known

as the nectar, is often the reward animals sought for.
 Through coevolution, animals and plants have shaped
one another’s survival. Some flowers have long floral
tubes that only birds with long, slender beak or with long
– coiled proboscis could obtain the nectar from within.
 Fertilizat
z

Once a functional pollen

ion
stigma, it sticks to the
lands on a
gluey sugary
substances that covers it and a pollen
tube forms and grows into the stigma,
down the style and into the ovary. The tip
of the pollen tube bursts to release two
sperm cells, which migrate down the pollen
tube.
 z
One of the sperm cell fertilizes the egg
cell, forming a zygote. The other sperm
cell fertilizes with the two polar nuclei at the
center of the embryo sac which produces a
triploid (3N) primary endosperm nucleus.
This phenomenon whereby two sperm cells
are used is called double fertilization.
Afterz fertilization, the zygote’s cells will
undergo further mitotic divisions.
In turn, the primary endosperm nucleus
will develop into an endosperm, which
provides nourishment for the embryo.
The ovary swells up ripens to form a
fruit, which may contains one or multiple
seeds.
Fruits
z serve two functions:

(1) To protect the seed from damage

against animals and infectious agents.
(2) and to aid in seed dispersal.
A fruit may sometimes just be mature ovary
with seeds and other parts of a flower. Some
plants produce fleshy, edible fruits while
others produce dry and edible ones.
 Seed Dispersal and Germination
z

SEED

 Simply defined, is a reproductive structure in

which a plant embryo and a food source are
contained within a seed coat (testa).
 A seed is surrounded by a seed coat. This is
a strong tissue that protect the delicate
tissues inside.
z
 z

ANIMALS

WIND
EXPLOSION

HUMAN
Example:
z

 FRUITS of COCONUT
(Dispersed by water)

 PEA PLANTS have

pods that can dry out
 FRUITS of DANDELION FLOWER and open, popping out
and scattering their
(are dispersed by wind) deeds on the ground
 Seeds are covered with coat that can withstand
z
digestive processes.
 They are then excreted and transported to
other places.
 Dry fruits are dispersed by attaching to the fur
of the animals or feathers of birds, or dispersed
by wind because of lack of fleshy tissue.
 Coconut, fruits of mangroves and other plants
are scattered from place to place by water
Germination
z

 When a seed lands on the ground, it breaks through

its seed coat and form a new plants under favorable
condition.
 How ever, not all seeds grow as they are dispersed.
A seed may germinate if it has enough water needed
for metabolism and oxygen needed for respiration.
 Warmth is also required to activate plant enzymes
necessary for respiration.
z
 If everything becomes favorable to the growth of the future
z
plant, germination ensues.
 The plant embryo, the youngest stage of the plant growth,
consists of a root portion, a stem portion, and one or more
cotyledons (the first leaves).
 The embryo in a seed uses a food source of some kind to
live.
 The embryo draws upon its food source during its earliest
stages of growth and development.
 Once it is above the ground, the cotyledons begin to produce
food by photosynthesis.
z
z