THE STUDY OF

HISTORY
DEFINITION OF HISTORY

History, unlike other sciences, will not

give exact details of certain fact, it only
deals with past human these activities
that recorded in various medium, the
manner on how it was relayed can never
be the exact
DEFINITION OF HISTORY
.
History serves as a reminder and diary of
country's distant past mirror to examine
the present and a compass to guide the
future
DEFINITION OF HISTORY

The term history comes from

the Greek historia (ἱστορία),
"an account of one's
inquiries," and shares that
etymology with
the English word story.
DEFINITION OF HISTORY

The word "history" means the search for

knowledge and truth, a searching to find out.
DEFINITION OF HISTORY

"History is any integrated narrative or

description of past events or facts written in
a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth"
(Calderon & Gonzales 1993 citing Good and
Scates, 1972).
DEFINITION OF HISTORY

History is defined as "any

integrated narrative or
description of past events or
facts written in a spirit of critical
inquiry for the whole truth".
DEFINITION OF HISTORY
Encyclopedia Brittanica defined history as
"the discipline that studies the
chronological order of events (as
affecting a nation or people), based on
critical examination of source materials
and usually presenting an explanation of
their causes
Why Study History?
Dizon et al (2011) citing Perry (1999) enumerated
the reasons why we need to study history, these are:
1. To learn about our past. Studying history enables
us to learn about the lives of our ancestors, their
struggles and achievements. What we have and
what we enjoy today are the products of their
innovation, hardwork, and sacrifices.
Why Study History?
2. To understand the present. The traditions,
system of government, cultural heritage and
many other things are products of the past.
Most of the things have historical original
and not just product of fads and crazes.
Why Study History?

3. To appreciate our heritage in a broad

perspective. Our belief system, patriarchal
tradition, common values including our material
culture can be understood and appreciated well if
we have full understanding of our past.
Why Study History?
4. To acquire a background for critical
thinking. The issues, situations, and
challenges that our country is presently
facing can mostly be attributed in the past,
for these are encountered before, history
provides us details to understand, predict
and provide solutions to these.
Relationship of History with other Social Sciences
1. History and Political Science
One cannot understand the principles and system of
government of a certain country without knowing its
history. The structure of government, rights and duties
of citizens, laws and regulations, and its relations to
other states are all products of evolution by just turning
the pages of the countries past.
Relationship of History with other Social Sciences
2. History and Economics
The evolution of economic activities of humankind
from hunting and gathering societies to post-industrial
society can be best understood by looking at the past.
The roots of economic and diplomatic relations
between nations can be traced by looking at their
distant past.
Relationship of History with other Social Sciences

3. History and Sociology

Early societies and communities, evolution of
culture, social change and other
developments in social behavior are
chronologically explained by history.
Relationship of History with other Social Sciences

4. History and Ethics

History provides record of mistakes
committed by people and nations. Mistakes
in the past have moral and ethical implication
which serves as guide to arrive at just,
reasonable, and acceptable actions in the
future.
Relationship of History with other Social Sciences
5. History and Psychology
Psychology provides understanding of motives and
actions of human and societies. History gives us idea
about the behavior of controversial leaders in the past
and their actions. Through analogy, it is possible to
predict behavior and actions of present leaders.
History, therefore, provides public consciousness that
enables the people to be vigilant to the possible
wrongdoing of their leaders.
Relationship of History with other Social Sciences
6. History and Geography
According to NationalGeographic.com "when learning about
historical topics, it can be very helpful to simultaneously study
a region's geography". This works the same with geography as
well. Certain areas of the Philippines provide clear explanation
why significant events in the past such as why Americans put
up military facilities in Corregidor during World War II or why
Americans developed Baguio City during their early settlement
and that is due to its cold weather where Americans are used
to it.
Classification of Historical Sources
Historical sources may be classified as primary or secondary
(Fox, 1969).
A primary source is regarded as the source of the "best
evidence". This is because the data come from the testimony
of able eye and eye witnesses to past events. They may also
consist of actual objects used in the past which you can
directly scrutinize or examine.
Secondary source are information supplied by a person who
was not a direct observer or participant of the event, object,
or condition (Sevilla et. al, 1992).
Distinction between Primary Sources and Secondary Sources
• "Primary sources, the only solid bases of historical work, are
the original documents or remains, the first witnesses to a
fact" (Good, cited by Good and Scates, 1972).
• For instance, the stenographic notes of a court trial and the
news reporter's account of the trial are primary sources.
• All physical objects, including photographs, and cultural
institutions and practices are primary sources themselves
and all accounts written about them by those who had
actually seen and experienced are primary sources.
Distinction between Primary Sources and Secondary Sources
• For facts gathered through questionnaire and the interview,
all data supplied by respondents and interviewees who have
actually experienced and observed the events upon which
the data have been based are primary data. (Calderon &
Gonzales, 1993).
• All writings by people who have never experienced nor
observed personally the objects and have based their
writings upon information gathered from those who have
knowledge of the events are secondary sources,
Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary
Sources
Amante et. al (2008) citing Cooper (2003) identified sources of data
from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are as:
1. Individual persons.
2. Organized groups or organizations such as associations, fraternities,
schools, business firms, church, army, navy, air force, government,
lawmaking bodies, family, tribe, etc.
3. Established practices such as marriage, religious rites, legal system,
economic system, democracy system, etc.
Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary
Sources
4. Documents in their original forms such as the constitution, laws,
orders, proclamations, treaties, contracts, census and all kinds of
original records, letters, diaries, etc.
5. Living organisms such as animals, fowls, lower forms of living
organisms.
6. Man-made material things such as buildings, machines, weapon,
artifacts appliances, roads, bridges, dams, radio, television, electricity,
etc. 7. Natural objects and phenomena such as rain, wind, typhoon,
water, earthquake, mountain, snow, etc.
•The 8 rays symbolize the first 8
Tagalog provinces that rose up
against Spanish colonial rule:
Manila, Cavite, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Laguna,
Tarlac, and Batangas.
• However, in the original version of
the document – and even in its
English translation – there was no
mention of Tarlac as part of the 8
rays. Instead of Tarlac was Bataan.
Long Live! Year of Siyaka 822, month of Waisaka, according to astronomy. The fourth
day of the waning moon, Monday. On this occasion, Lady Angkatan, and her brother
whose name is Buka, the children of the Honourable Namwaran, were awarded a
document of complete pardon from the Commander in Chief of Tundun, represented by
the Lord Minister of Pailah, Jayadewa.
By this order, through the scribe, the Honourable Namwaran has been forgiven of all and
is released from his debts and arrears of 1 katî and 8 suwarna before the Honourable
Lord Minister of Puliran, Ka Sumuran by the authority of the Lord Minister of Pailah.
Because of his faithful service as a subject of the Chief, the Honourable and widely
renowned Lord Minister of Binwangan recognized all the living relatives of Namwaran who
were claimed by the Chief of Dewata, represented by the Chief of Medang.
Yes, therefore the living descendants of the Honourable Namwaran are forgiven, indeed,
of any and all debts of the Honourable Namwaran to the Chief of Dewata.
This, in any case, shall declare to whomever henceforth that on some future day should
there be a man who claims that no release from the debt of the Honourable...
Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary
Sources
Secondary sources are as follows:
1. Books including dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, etc.
2. Articles published in professional journal, magazines,
newspapers; and other publications.
3. Unpublished master's theses and dissertations, and other
studies
Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary
Sources
4 Monographs, manuscripts, etc.
5 All other second-hand sources.
6. Verbal or written data.
Sources of Data from Primary and Secondary
Sources
Secondary sources serve as an
interpretations or readings of
primary sources. Usually , the author
of a piece incorporates his or her
personal insights and
interpretations. (Asuncion and Cruz,
2022)
Asuncion and Cruz (2022) gave Questions in evaluating
the validity and credibility of historical accounts

1. How did the author know about

the given details? Was the author
present at the event? How soon
was the author able to gather the
details of the event?
Asuncion and Cruz (2022) gave Questions in evaluating
the validity and credibility of historical accounts

2. Where did the information come

from? Is it personal experience, an
eyewitness account, or a report
made by another person?
Asuncion and Cruz (2022) gave Questions in evaluating
the validity and credibility of historical accounts

3. Did the author conclude

based on a single source or
on many sources of
evidence?
 Internal and External Criticism

•External criticism refers to

the genuineness of the
documents a researcher used
in a historical study.
 Internal and External Criticism
• Garraghan (1950) identified 6 points of inquiries to evaluate
the authenticity of a primary source:

1.DATE- When was it produced?

2. LOCALIZATION- Where did it
originate?
3.AUTHORSHIP- Who wrote it?
 Internal and External Criticism
• Garraghan (1950) identified 6 points of inquiries to
evaluate the authenticity of a primary source:
4. ANALYSIS- What pre-existing material served as the
basis for its production?
5. INTERGRITY- What was its original form?
6. CREDIBILITY- What is the evidential value of its
content?
 Internal and External Criticism
• On the other hand, internal criticism is textual criticism, it
involves factor such as competence, good faith, position, and
bias of the author (Sanchez, 1980).
• Internal criticism looks at the content of the document to
determine its authenticity.
• It also involves determining the intention of the source of
data while external criticism conducts document analysis
using science.
 Internal and External Criticism
•It applies physical and technical tests to
the document.
•To simplify, the authenticity of the
document is determined by external
criticism, whereas credibility is
established by internal criticism.
 Internal and External Criticism
Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified 7
factors to evaluate a document based on
internal criteria:
1. The genealogy of the document-
Refers to the development of the
document. The document may be
original, a copy, or a copy of the copy
Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified 7 factors to
evaluate a document based on internal criteria:

2. The genesis of the document- includes

the situation and the authorities during
the document’s production
Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified 7 factors to
evaluate a document based on internal criteria:

3. The originality of the document-

includes the nature of the document
whether it is an eyewitness account or
merely passing of existing information
Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified 7 factors to
evaluate a document based on internal criteria:

4. The interpretation of the document-

pertains to deducing the meaning from
the documents
Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified 7 factors to
evaluate a document based on internal criteria:

5. The authorial authority of the

document- refers to the relationship
between the document’s subject matter
and its author
Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified 7 factors to
evaluate a document based on internal criteria:

7. The trustworthiness of the observer-

refers to the author’s integrity –whether
he or she fabricates or reports truthfully
Auxiliary Sciences that Help in Determining Authenticity and
Genuineness of a Document

• Calderon & Gonzales (1993) citing Good & Scates (1972) enumerated
some auxiliary sciences that help in determining the authenticity and
genuineness of a document among which are:
1. Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions and the art of deciphering them,
2. Diplomatic is the science of charters and diplomas and includes
knowledge of the practices and of the forms used in them.
3. Paleography is the study of writing, which has a history all of its own.
Auxiliary Sciences that Help in Determining Authenticity and
Genuineness of a Document

4. Philology in all its branches is of the greatest use

in determining date and authenticity.
5. Archaeology, anthropology, and prehistory in
general have the greatest influence upon the study
of history; and the first of these might almost be
called the science of remains.
Auxiliary Sciences that Help in Determining Authenticity and
Genuineness of a Document

Archaeology is the scientific study of life and culture of the past,

especially ancient peoples, as far as excavations of ancient cities,
relics, artifacts, etc.,
Anthropology, on the other hand, is the study of humans,
especially of the variety, physical and cultural characteristics,
distribution, customs, social relationships, etc. of of humanity.
Prehistory is history before recorded history as learned from
archaeology (Sanchez, 1998).
Auxiliary Sciences that Help in Determining Authenticity and
Genuineness of a Document

6. Chemistry -may be able to say and have often said that

a given document written on woodpulp with a particular
ink, for example, cannot be older than the definite date
when these materials were first manufactured. Coins and
medals, too, are often of great historical value.
REFERENCES
Asuncion, N. and Cruz, G.R. (2022) Readings in Philippine
history(2nd ed.).C & E Publishing, Inc.
Corpuz, R. and Tabotabo, C. (2018) Readings in Philippine history.
Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Tholfsen, T. R. (2002b). From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to
Historical Methods. By Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier (Ithaca,
Cornell University Press, 2001)
Luebering, J. (2024, June 14). history. Encyclopedia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/histor
Reading No.1
• Did young Rizal really write poem for children? | Inquirer News
• Something fishy about Rizal poem - part 1 (pilipino-express.com)

Short bond paper (atleast 500 words)

Bookman Old Style
Font size-11
{IN FILIPINO) answer the following:
1. Make a Reflection paper about the 2 articles. DO NOT SUMMARIZE!
Consider these points:
2. Mga bagay na natutuhan ko
3. Mga bagay na hindi malinaw sa akin
4. Sumasang-ayon ba ako sa nabasa ko?
5. Suhestyon para sa improvement o application
TERMINAL PROJECTS
1. PRELIM-AUTOBIOGRAPHY
5 CHAPTERS
SHORT BOND PAPER
BOOKMAN OLD STYLE
FONT SIZE 12
MARGIN 1”X1”X1”1”
TERMINAL PROJECTS
2. MIDTERM-CRITICAL PAPER • III.Conclusion
PARTS( in bold, roman numeral)
• Introduction • SHORT BOND PAPER
• Body (write your position as the • BOOKMAN OLD STYLE
title) • FONT SIZE 12
• Conclusion • MARGIN 1”X1”X1”1”
E.g.
• I.Introduction
• II. LCI IS FAKE
TERMINAL PROJECTS
3. FINAL-HISTORICAL VLOG

7-15 MIN VLOG ABOUT A HISTORICAL

PLACE IN BULACAN