Power Electronics

M.Sc. Power & Machines

 Power Electronics components
 In general there are two types of power
electronic circuits:
 The Main part which their components
have higher rating (withstand the load
current).
 The auxiliary part which used to control
the operation of the main part and also
protect the main part.

22/11/24 Power Electronics 2

 T1 T3 T5

Gate Gate
Drive Gate Drive
Drive
0 - 200V 3 phase
regulated DC C AC
Power Supply 2200F Voltage
400V T2 T4 T6

Gate Gate Gate

Drive Drive Drive

The circuit diagram of the three-phase inverter

(Main Circuit)
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 To
IGBT
AC
C Gate
Source
Pulse
DC Power Supply for Transformer
Current Amplifier
Circuit

Auxiliary Circuit
22/11/24 Power Electronics 4
 Review to solid – state devices

A K
o Diodes
There are three main diodes:
 General purpose diodes: the current rating is around
3500 A and the reverse voltage is around 3000V.
 High speed diodes is that can change their state from
ON to OFF at time between 0.1 to 5 µs, its current
rating is 100A and the reverse voltage is 3000V.
 Schottky diodes have low on-state voltage and very
small recovery time, typically nanoseconds and the
reverse voltage is 100V.
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o Thyristors A
G
K

 The thyristor has three terminals: an anode, a

cathode and a gate.
 When a small current is passed through the
gate terminal to cathode, the thyristor
conducts, provided that the anode terminal is
at a higher potential than the cathode.
 Once a thyristor is in a conduction mode, the
gate circuit has no control and the thyristor
continues to conduct and the forward voltage
drop is very small, typically 0.5 to 2V.
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There are many types of thyristor
 Force commutated thyristor, the rated
current and the reverse voltage are in the
range of 4000A, 2500V to 2500A, 5000V.
 Line commutated thyristor has the same
specification of the above.
 Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO), the rated
current and the reverse voltage are 1000A
and 2500V.
 Reverse conducting thyristor (RCT).
 Static Induction thyristor (SIT).
 Gate assisted turn-off thyristor (GATT).
 Light activated silicon controlled rectifier
(LASCR).
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 o Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT),
there are two types of bipolar
junction transistor, NPN and PNP.
o Metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor (MOSFET).
o Triacs and Diacs.

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 Control Characteristics of Power
Electronic Devices
The power semiconductor devices can be
operated as switches by applying control
signals to the gate terminal of thyristors
and to the base of bipolar transistors.
The required output is obtained by
varying the conduction time of these
switching devices.

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 The power semiconductor
switching devices can be classified
on the basis of:
 Uncontrolled turn on and off (diode).
 Controlled turn on and uncontrolled turn off
(SCR).
 Controlled turn on and off characteristics (BJT,
MOSFET, GTO, IGBT).
 Continuous gate signal requirement (BJT,
MOSFET, IGBT).

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 Pulse gate requirement (SCR, GTO).
 Bipolar voltage withstanding capability
(SCR, GTO).
 Unipolar voltage withstanding capability
(BJT, MOSFET, IGBT).
 Bidirectional current capability (TRIAC).
 Unidirectional current capability (SCR,
GTO, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT, diode).

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 Types of Power Electronic Circuits
The power electronics circuits can be
classified into six types:
1. Diode rectifiers
 A diode rectifier circuit converts ac
voltage into a fixed dc voltage.
 The input voltage to the rectifier could be
either single-phase or three-phase.

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2. ac-dc converter ( controlled
rectifiers).
 The average value of the output voltage can
be controlled by varying the conduction time
of the thyristors or firing delay angle.
 The input could be a single or three-phase
source.
 These converters are also known as
controlled rectifiers.

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3. ac-ac converter (ac voltage
controllers or ac voltage
regulators).
 These converters are used to obtain a
variable ac output voltage from a fixed ac
source.
 The output voltage is controlled by varying
the conduction time.
 These types of converters are also known as
ac voltage controllers.

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4. dc-dc converter (dc choppers or
dc voltage regulators).
 A dc-dc converter is also known as a chopper
or switching regulator.
 The average output voltage is controlled by
varying the conduction time.
5. dc-ac converter (inverter).
6. Static switches.
Since the power devices can be operated as
static switches or contactors, the supply to
these switches could be either ac or dc and
the switches are called as ac static switches
or dc switches. Power Electronics
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 Diode Circuits

1. Diodes with RC Load

S1 D1 i
+ +
R VR

Vs -
+
C VC
- -
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 The switch S1 is closed at t=0.
 The charging current, i, that flows through
the capacitor can be found from:

Vs vR  vc
1
v R  Ri and vc  idt  vc t 0
C
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 1
Vs Ri 
C  idt
Apply Laplace transformation
Vs 1
 Ri s  i s 
s sC
Rearrange this equation gives
 
Vs  1 
i s    
R  s 1 
 
 RC 
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Apply Laplace inverse transformation
Vs  t RC
i t   e
R
The capacitor voltage
t
1

vc t   idt Vs 1  e
C0
 t RC
 
Vs 1  e t 

The rate of change of the capacitor voltage
dvc Vs  t 
 e
dt RC
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 The initial rate of change of the
capacitor voltage

dvc Vs
t 0 
dt RC
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 120

60
Vc (capacitive voltage)

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Time (s)

10

6
i (current)

0
-2
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Time (s)

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2. Diodes with RL Load:
S1 D1 i
+ +
R VR

Vs -
+
L VL
- -
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The switch S1 is closed at t=0,
then the current i through the inductor
increases and is expressed as:
Apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law
Vs v L  v R
di
vR  Ri and vL  L
dt
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 The initial condition is i(t=0)=0
di
Vs  Ri  L
dt
Apply Laplace transformation
 
 R 
Vs  L 
i s  
R   R 
 s s   
  L 
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apply Laplace inverse transformation
Vs

i t   1  e
R
 tR L Vs
 1 e
R

t 
 
The energy storage in the inductor is
  2
E  vidt  
V
e t s
 e 
 2t 
dt , 
0 0 R
2
V 1s 2 Vs
then E  L  LI , where I 
2
2R 2 R
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 100

60
Inductor Voltage VL (V)

-20
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Time (s)

12

6
Current i (A)

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05
Time (s)
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3. Diodes with LC Load:
S1 D1 i
+ +
L VL

Vs -
+
C VC
- -
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The switch S1 is closed at t=0, the charging
current, i, of the capacitor is expressed as:

di 1
Vs  L  idt  vc t 0
dt C
initial conditions i(t=0)=0 and vc(t=0)=0, the
above equation can be solved for the capacitor
current, i, as:

C
i t  Vs sin t  I p sin t
L
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The rate of rise of the current is

di Vs
 cos t
dt L
The initial rate of rise of the current
(at t=0) is
di Vs

dt t0 L
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The voltage, vc, across the capacitor can
be derived as
t
1
vc t   idt Vs 1  cos t 
C0
time t  LC the diode current, i, falls
to zero and the capacitor is charged to
2Vs
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 150

100
Current i (A)

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s) -5
x 10

500

400

300
Capacitor voltage vc (V)

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (s) -5
x 10

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4. Diodes with RLC Load:
S1 D1 i
+ +
R VR
-
+
L VL
Vs
-
+
C VC
- -

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The switch S1 is closed at t=0, using the KVL
to write the equation for the load current, i, as:
di 1
Vs L  Ri  idt  vc t 0
dt C
Differentiating the above equation and dividing
both side by L yields
2
d i R di i
2
  0
dt L dt LC
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Under steady state conditions
The capacitor voltage is charged to
the source voltage, Vs.
The steady state current will be zero.
The forced component of the current
is also zero.
The current is due to the natural
component only.
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Case 1: if =0 the roots are equal,
s1=s2=s, and the circuit is called
critically damped. The solution will be
of the form:

it  A1  A2t e st

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The characteristic equation in Laplace’s domain
is
2 R 1
s  s 0
L LC
The roots of quadratic equation are given by
R  R  1
2
R
s1, 2      
2L  2L  LC 2L
1
0 
LC
s1, 2       2 2
0

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Case 2: if >0 the roots are real
and the circuit is called over-damped.
The solution takes the form:

it   A1e  A2 e s1t s2t

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Case 3: if <0 the roots are complex
and the circuit is called under-damped.
The roots are:
s1, 2   j r , where    2   2
r 0

Therefore, the solution takes the form

it  e  t
A1 cos r t  A2 sin r t 
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The constant A1 and A2 can be
determined from the initial conditions of
the circuit.
The ratio of /0 is commonly known as
the damping ratio, .
Power electronic circuits are generally
under-damped such that the circuit
current becomes near sinusoidal to cause
a nearly sinusoidal ac output.
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 5. Freewheeling diode:
S1 D1 i S1 D1 i
+ + + +
R VR R VR

Vs - Vs Dm -
+ +
L VL if L VL
- - - -
Fig.1 Diode circuit without freewheeling diode Fig. 2 Diode circuit with freewheeling diode

22/11/24 Power Electronics 40

 If the switch is opened, a path must be
provided for the current in the inductive
load.
 This is normally done by connecting a
diode Dm as shown in Fig. 2, and the
diode is usually called a freewheeling
diode.
 The circuit operation can be divided into
two modes.
Mode 1 begins when the switch is closed at
t=0.
Mode 2 begins when the switch is opened.
22/11/24 Power Electronics 41
Mode 1: the equivalent circuit for this mode is
shown in figure below i1 is defined as
instantaneous current for mode 1. t1 is the
corresponding duration of this mode.
Vs
i1 t   1  e
R
 tR L
 +
i1

R
Vs
R

I1 i1 t t1   1  e  t1R L
 Vs
L

Vs -
I1  Equivalent circuit of Mode 1
R
22/11/24 Power Electronics 42
Mode 2: the equivalent circuit for this mode
is shown in figure below i2 is defined as
instantaneous current for mode 2. t2 is the
corresponding duration of this mode. This
mode begins when the switch is opened and
the load current start to flow through the
freewheeling diode Dm. redefining the time
origin at the beginning of this mode, the
current through the freewheeling diode is
found from:
22/11/24 Power Electronics 43
 di2
L  Ri2 0
dt R

i2
i2(t=0)=I1 L

i2 t   I1e  tR L
Equivalent circuit of Mode 2

22/11/24 Power Electronics 44

The waveforms for the currents of the
two modes are shown in the figure
below. i

i1 i2

t
if
i1 i2

t1 t2

t
The current waveform of the circuit with freewheeling diode
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 Rectifier converter circuits
The rectifier converter circuits

Uncontrolled Rectifier Controlled Rectifier

converter converter

Single-phase Rectifier Three-phase Rectifier

converter Converter

Full-wave Rectifier Half-wave Rectifier Full-wave Rectifier Half-wave Rectifier

Converter Converter Converter Converter

Full-wave Rectifier Full-wave Rectifier with

Bridge a centre tapped

22/11/24 Power Electronics 46

 Half-wave rectifier circuit with
a resistive load, R
D1 I
dc
+

AC Vs
R Vdc

-
(a)

Single-phase half-wave rectifiers :

(a) circuit diagram (b) voltage and
current waveforms
22/11/24 Power Electronics (b) 47
Vs Vm sin t ,

1 Vm Vdc 1 Vm
Vdc  Vm sin t dt , Vdc  , I dc  
2 0  R  R

1 Vm Vrms 1 Vm
Vrms   Vm sin t dt , Vrms  ,
2 2
I rms  
2 0 2 R 2 R
2
1  Vm 
the output dc power Pdc Vdc I dc    ,
R  
1 Vm2
the output ac power Pac Vrms I rms  ,
R 4
Vrms  I rms 
FFv   , FFi  
Vdc 2 I dc 2
22/11/24 Power Electronics 48
 Performance Parameters
The Rectifier efficiency (rectification ratio)
2
Pdc 1  Vm  1 Vm2 4
  100    100  2 100 40.5%
Pac R   R 4 

The ac output voltage 2

Vac  Vrms  Vdc2
The ripple factor
2 2
Vrms  V Vrms  Vdc2  Vrms 
FF   1.57, RF  ac      1  FF 2  1 1.21
Vdc 2 Vdc Vdc  Vdc 

22/11/24 Power Electronics 49

 The transformer utilization factor
2
Pdc Vm 1  Vm   Vm Vm 
TUF  , where Vs  and I s  I rms , TUF       0.287
Vs I s 2 R    2 2R 

The displacement factor DF cos 

1 1

 I s2  I s21   I 2 
2 2

The harmonic factor HF  2


   

s
  1
 I s1    I s1  

Vs I s1 I
The input power factor PF  cos   s1 cos 
Vs I s Is

I s  peak 
The Crest factor CF 
Is

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 Half-wave rectifier circuit with
an R-L load
S1 D1 Idc
+
R VR
AC Vs -
+
L VL
-

(a)
(b)

Half-wave rectifier with an R-L load

(a) circuit diagram (b) voltage and current waveforms
22/11/24 Power Electronics 51
The Kirchhoff voltage equation
di di
Vs  L  Ri, Vs Vm sin t therefore : Vm sin t  L  Ri
dt dt

(1)forced current, if, (2) natural current, in

i=if+in
1. forced
current:
Vs Vm sin t in polar form Vs Vm 0
Vs Vm 0
where, Z  R 2  L  and  tan -1 L R  therefore :
2
if  
Z Z 
Vm
i f  I m sin t    where I m 
Z
22/11/24 Power Electronics 52
 2. Natural
current:
di di R
L  Ri 0 therefore,   dt then the solution is
dt i L
R
 t
i n  Ae L
 Ae  t 

Therefore the total solution

is:
i i f  in  I m sin t     Ae t

Using initial condition to find to integration

constant A. at t=0 the current is zero, apply this
condition in the above equation yield:
22/11/24 Power Electronics 53
 0  I m sin    A, then A  I m sin

The total solution i  I m sin t     I m sin  e t

If the switch is closed at instant that the voltage

value is Vm sin  then the total current is
i  I m sin t       I m sin    e  t 

The dc voltage
 
Vm Vm Vm
 sin tdt  2  cos t 0  2 1  cos  
 
Vdc 
2 0

22/11/24 Power Electronics 54

 Full-wave rectifier circuits

There are two types of single-phase

full-wave rectifiers:
(1) Full-wave rectifiers with center-
tapped transformer.
(2) Full-wave bridge rectifiers.

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 (a)
Full-wave rectifier with
a center-tapped
(a)circuit diagram
(b) voltage and current
waveforms Power Electronics (b)
22/11/24 56
 (a)
Full-wave Bridge rectifier
(a)circuit diagram
(b) voltage and current
waveforms (b)
22/11/24 Power Electronics 57
 The performance parameters
Vs Vm sin t ,

1 2Vm Vdc 2 Vm
Vdc 
 Vm sint dt , Vdc 

, I dc 
R

 R
0


1 Vm Vrms 1 Vm
Vrms  V
2
m sin t dt , Vrms 
2
, I rms  
 0 2 R 2 R
2
1  2Vm 
the output dc power Pdc Vdc I dc    ,
R  
1 Vm2
the output ac power Pac Vrms I rms  ,
R 2
Vrms  I rms 
FFv   , FFi  
Vdc 2 2 I dc 2 2
22/11/24 Power Electronics 58
The efficiency (rectification ratio) of a rectifier
2
P 1  2V  1 Vm2 8
  dc 100   m  100  2 100 81%
Pac R   R 2 

2
The ac output voltage Vac  Vrms  Vdc2

The ripple factor

2 2 2
Vac V V
rms  Vrms dc
FF 1.11, RF       1  FF 2  1 0.482
Vdc Vdc  Vdc 
The transformer utilization factor
Pdc Vm
TUF  , where Vs  and I s  I rms
Vs I s 2
22/11/24 Power Electronics 59
For a full-wave rectifier with a center-tapped the
rms current is I I  I therefore
s rms
m
2

2
Pdc 1  2Vm   Vm Vm 
TUF      2   0.573
2Vs I s R     2 2R 
For a full-wave bridge rectifier the rms
Im
current is s rms 2 therefore
I  I 
2
Pdc 1  2Vm   Vm Vm 
TUF        0.81
Vs I s R     2 2R 
22/11/24 Power Electronics 60
 Three-phase Uncontrolled Rectifier
 higher output power.
 Star rectifiers.
 Bridge rectifiers.
 The diodes and transformers are ideal:
The diodes have zero forward voltage
drop and reverse current.
 The transformers do not possess either
resistance or leakage inductance.
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Basic Three-Phase Star Rectifier Circuit

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 Three-Phase Double-Star Rectifier
with Inter-phase Transformer

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 Three-Phase Bridge Rectifiers

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 Six-phase Star Rectifier

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 Three-Phase Three-Phase Three-Phase Six-Phase
Star Double- Bridge Star
Rectifier Star Rectifier Rectifier
Rectifier With Inter-Phase
Transformer
Peak repetitive reverse voltage VRRM 2.092 Vdc 1.06 Vdc 1.05 Vdc 2.09 Vdc
Rms input voltage per transformer leg Vs 0.855 Vdc 0.855 Vdc 0.428 Vdc 0.74 Vdc
Diode average current IF(AV) 0.333 Idc 0.167 Idc 0.333 Idc 0.167 Idc
Peak repetitive forward current IFRM 3.63 IF(AV) 3.15 IF(AV) 3.14 IF(AV) 6.28 IF(AV)
Diode rms current IF(RMS) . 0.587 Idc 0.293 Idc 0.579 Idc 0.409 Idc
Form factor of diode current IF(RMS) =IF(AV) 1.76 1.76 1.74 2.45
Rectification ratio 0.968 0.998 0.998 0.998
Form factor 1.0165 1.0009 1.0009 1.0009
Ripple factor 0.182 0.042 0.042 0.042
Transformer rating primary VA 1.23 Pdc 1.06 Pdc 1.05 Pdc 1.28 Pdc
Transformer rating secondary VA 1.51 Pdc 1.49 Pdc 1.05 Pdc 1.81 Pdc

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 Power Electronics Applications

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 Text Books
 Power Electronics, Circuits, Devices and Applications,
by Muhammad H. Rashid, Second Edition, 1999.
 Principle and Elements of Power Electronics, Devices,
Derives, Applications and passive components, by
Barry W. Williams, 2006.
 Power Electronics, Converters, Applications and
Design, by, N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland and W. P
Robbins, Second Edition, 1995.
 Power Electronics, by Cyril W. Lander, Third Edition,
1993.
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 H.W (1)
Draw the diodes and the transformer
primary line currents if the load is
highly inductive and the transformer
is connected delta/star for:
Three-phase half wave rectifier.
Three-phase bridge rectifier.
Star-six phase rectifier.

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