Introduction

Things and
Internet
 What is IoT?
• The Internet of things describes devices with
processing ability, software and other technologies that
sensors,
connect and exchange data with other devices and systems
over the Internet or other communications networks.

• The Internet of things encompasses electronics,

communication, and computer science engineering.

• The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything

and everything in day to day life which is accessed or
connected through the internet.

• The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to make our lives
easier and more efficient than ever before.
2
IoT Architecture
Four layered architecture of IoT
Four layers in a general IoT architecture:
• Things layer
• Network layer
• Middleware (services) layer
• Application layer
In brief:
• Things layer corresponds to sensors and actuators
• Network layer corresponds to gateway
• Middleware (services) layer corresponds to:
• analytics and computing
• control and optimization
• Application layer corresponds to support services and user interface
• All layers have a component of security
• Data goes bottom up in the layers, and control comes top down
 Contd..

• Things layer consists of two processes:

• Sensors collect data from an event (first process)
• Actuators take mechanical actions based on the decisions made (last
process)
• Network layer:
• Gateways form a larger interconnected network to send data and
control among IoT devices using various communication protocols
• Middleware layer:
• Data analytics is performed for better control and optimization
• Application layer:
• Application layer provides the interface for user/business
applications
• Every layer has a component of security
Different types of Sensors
 Temperature Sensor
• These devices measure the amount of heat energy generated
from an object or surrounding area.
• For Ex, thermistor and thermocouples can be used to detect
the variation in temperature.

• Application:
Weather stations, manufacturing processes, agriculture,

health industry, etc., Especially in air-

refrigerators and similar conditioners, devices used for
control. environmental
Temperature Sensors
 Humidity Sensor

• The amount of water vapour in air, or humidity, can affect

human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in
industries. So monitoring humidity level is important.
• Most commonly used units for humidity measurement are
relative humidity (RH), dew/frost point (D/F PT) and parts per
million (PPM).
• Application:
• Domestic, Industrial, Agriculture and Medical, etc.,
• Measuring humidity in printers, fax
automobiles, machines, stations,
weather refrigerators,
processing, etc food
HPP801A031 humidity sensor
 Motion Sensors
• A motion sensor is used to detect the physical movement
(motion) in a given area and it transforms motion into an
electric signal;

• HC-SR501 Passive InfraRed (PIR) sensor is a popular motion

sensor for hobby projects.

• It detects body heat (infrared energy) and the most widely

used motion sensor in home security systems.

• Application:
Automatic door controls, automatic parking systems,
automated sinks, automated toilet flushers, hand dryers,
energy management systems, etc.
PIR Motion Sensor
 Chemical / Smoke and Gas sensors
• Smoke is a gadget that smoke typically it’s an indicator of fire.
• Gas sensors are used to detect toxic gases.
• Now a days all security devices using this sensor to passing
signal to fire alarm to control panel.
• Applications:
• Industries
• Indoor air quality
• Medical and life-science industries
• Agriculture industries
MQ – 6 Gas sensor
 Pressure Sensor
• These sensors are used in IoT systems to monitor systems and
devices that are driven by pressure signals.
• When the pressure range is beyond the threshold level, the
device alerts the user about the problems that should be
fixed.
• For example, BMP180 is a popular digital pressure sensor for
use in mobile phones, PDAs, GPS navigation devices and
outdoor equipment.
• Applications:
• Smart vehicles and Aircrafts
Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)
 Accelerometer Sensors
• These sensors are used to detect orientation of an object,
shake, tap, tilt, motion, positioning, shock or vibration.

• Different types of accelerometers include Hall-effect

accelerometers, capacitive accelerometers and piezoelectric
accelerometers.

• Application:
• Smart phones, vehicles, aircrafts
Various types of accelerometer sensor
 IR Sensor
• These sensors can measure the heat emitted by objects.
• IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are
used in various applications like Proximity and
Object
Detection.
• IR Sensors are used as proximity sensors in almost all mobile
phones.
• There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors: Transmissive Type
and Reflective Type.
• Applications:
• They are used in various IoT projects including healthcare
to monitor blood flow and blood pressure
• Smart phones to use as remote and other
control
functions
• Wearable devices to detect amount of light
 Ultrasonic
• An Ultrasonic SensorSensor
is a non-contact type device that can be
used to measure distance as well as velocity of an object.
• Ultrasonic means nothing but the range of the frequencies. Its
range is greater than audible range (>20 kHz)
• Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 can be used to measure distance in
the range of 2cm- 400cm with an accuracy of 3mm.
• Applications:
• They are used within food and beverage to
measure liquid level in bottles,
• Can be used within manufacturing for an
automated process
Ultrasonic Sensor
 Light Dependent Resistors (LDR)
• Photo resistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDR),
are light sensitive devices most often used to indicate the
presence or absence of light, or to measure the light intensity
• In the dark, their resistance is very high, sometimes up to
1MΩ.
• They are made up of semiconductor materials having
high resistance.
• Applications:
• Light sensor and Audio compressors
LDR Sensor
 Sound Sensor
• The sound sensor is one type of module used to notice the
sound. Generally, this module is used to detect the intensity
of sound.
• Application:
This sensor employs a microphone to provide input to buffer,
peak detector and an amplifier. This sensor notices a sound,
& processes an o/p voltage signal to a microcontroller. After
that, it executes required processing.
Sound
Sensor
 Touch Sensor

• A touch sensor is an electronic sensor used in detecting and recording physical

touch. Also known as tactile sensors, it’s a small, simple, low-cost sensor made to
replace old mechanical switches we seen in the past.
• Applications:
• Robotics
• Smart phones, automotive, industrial applications
Capacitive Touch Sensor
 Color Sensor
• A color sensor can detect the received light intensity for red,
blue and green respectively, making it possible to determine
the color of the target object.
• The received light intensity of red, blue and green are detected,
and the ratio of light received is calculated.
• Applications:
• true color recognition and color mark detection
Color sensor
Real Time Application of
Sensors Autopilot
System in Aircrafts

Autopilot System in
aircrafts
•An Automatic Flight Control System consists of several sensors for
various tasks like speed control, height, position, doors, obstacle,
fuel, maneuvering and many more.

•A Computer takes data from all these sensors and processes them
by comparing them with pre-designed values.

• The computer then provides control signal to different parts like

engines, flaps, rudders etc. that help in a smooth flight.

•The combination of Sensors, Computers and Mechanics makes it

possible to run the plane in Autopilot Mode.

•All the parameters i.e. the Sensors (which give inputs to the
Computers), the Computers (the brains of the system) and the
mechanics (the outputs of the system like engines and motors) are
equally important in building a successful automated system.