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Unit 4-1 Regulator

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13 views31 pages

Unit 4-1 Regulator

Uploaded by

dhanuskalakshmanan577
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit 4

Power Supply and Measuring Instruments

• Basic building blocks of regulated power supply, Series


and shunt voltage regulator using Transistor

• Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) – Basic DC


voltmeter and DC ammeter

• Oscilloscope: Block diagram – Measurement of voltage,


current, phase and frequency using CRO – Digital
Storage Oscilloscope: Block diagram
Basic building blocks of Regulated Power Supply
(RPS)
The basic building blocks of a regulated DC power
supply are as follows:

• step-down transformer

• rectifier

• filter

• regulator
• A step down transformer will step down the voltage
from the ac mains to the required voltage level

• The turn’s ratio of the transformer is so adjusted such


as to obtain the required voltage value

• The output of the transformer is given as an input to the


rectifier circuit
• Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes
which carries out the rectification process
• Rectification is the process of converting an
alternating voltage or current into corresponding
direct (DC) quantity
• The input to a rectifier is AC whereas its output is
unidirectional pulsating DC
The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating DC voltage
having very high ripple content.
But this is not we want, we want a pure ripple free DC waveform.
Hence a filter is used.
Different types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC
filter, Choke input filter, π type filter.

C-blocks dc L-blocks ac
• Regulator is the last block in a regulated DC power
supply
• It will maintain the output constant even when
changes at the input
• Transistor series regulator, Fixed and variable IC
regulators or a Zener diode can be used depending on
their applications.
• IC’s like 78XX and 79XX are used to obtain fixed
values of voltages at the output.
• [78,79 → positive ,negative voltage regulator
XX → regulated voltage ]
Types of Regulator
Complete Functional diagram of RPS
Voltage regulator

• A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage


of a preset magnitude that remains constant
regardless of changes to its input voltage or load
conditions

• A voltage regulator is a combination of elements


designed to ensure that the output voltage of the
supply remains constant
Line regulation
• Line regulation is defined in percentage and percentage
per volt (%/V).
• To define line regulation in percentage, it is the ratio of
change in output voltage to change in the input voltage

Line regulation can be explained in percentage per volt


(%/V)
Load regulation/Voltage regulation
• load regulation can be defined as the percentage
change in output voltage for a given change in load
current or load resistance
• It is also expressed as a percentage change in output
voltage [from no-load (NL) to full-load(FL)] for the
full-load voltage

For good power supply, load regulation should be less


Types of voltage regulator [Linear regulators]

(i) Transistor series voltage regulator – regulator is


placed in series with the load

(ii) Transistor shunt voltage regulator – regulator is


placed in parallel with the load
(i) Transistor series voltage regulator
• This regulator has a transistor in series to the Zener
regulator and both in parallel to the load
• The unregulated d.c. supply is fed to the input
terminals and the regulated output is obtained across
the load . The Zener diode provides the reference
voltage
• Suitable for low
voltages
• When Vin ↑ Vout ↑ VBE ↓ IL ↓ Vout ↓

Vin ↓ Vout ↓ VBE ↑ IL ↑ Vout ↑


Working of Transistor series voltage regulator
If the input voltage is increased, the output voltage also increases.
But this in turn makes the voltage across the emitter base junction
VBE to decrease, as the Zener voltage VZ remains constant
Due to decrease inVBE load current also get decreased and maintain
the output voltage as constant
This will be similar when the input voltage decreases
OR

If the o/p voltage decreases, the increased B-E voltage causes


transistor to conduct more ,thereby raising the o/p voltage. As a
result, the o/p voltage is maintained at a constant level.

If the o/p voltage increases, the decreased B-E voltage causes


transistor to conduct less ,thereby reducing the o/p voltage. As a
result, the o/p voltage is maintained at a constant level.
Transistor shunt voltage regulator
• A transistor shunt regulator circuit is formed by
connecting a resistor in series with the input and a
transistor whose base and collector are connected by
a Zener diode that regulates, both in parallel with the
load.
• Suitable for high output voltages
Working :
• When Vi ↑ Vout ↑ VBE ↑ IB & IC ↑ IL ↓ Vout ↓

Vi ↓ Vout ↓ VBE ↓ IB & IC ↓ IL ↑ Vout ↑


Limitations of transistor series voltage regulator

• The voltages VBE and VZ are affected by the rise in temperature


• Good voltage regulation for high currents is not possible
• Power dissipation is high
• Less efficient

Drawbacks of transistor shunt voltage regulator

• There is a considerable power loss in RS


• There are problems of overvoltage protection in this circuit
PROBLEMS
1. If the d.c. output voltage is 400V with no-load
attached to power supply but decreases to 300V at
full-load ,find the % voltage regulation
2. Two power supplies A & B are available in the market. Power
supply A has no-load and full-load voltages of 30V and 25V
respectively whereas these values are 30V and 29V for power
supply B. Which is better power supply?

Therefore, power supply B is better than power supply A


3.The change in o/p voltage of a voltage regulator is
measured at 100μV when the i/p voltage changes by
5V.Determine the value of line regulation for this
regulator

Line regulation = ΔVo/ΔVin

= 100μV/5V

= 20 μV/V
4. A voltage regulator is rated for an o/p current of
IL=0 to 40mA.Under no load condition the o/p
voltage from the circuit is 8V,under full load
condition the voltage drops to 7.995V. What is the
value of load regulation for this regulator?

load regulation = (VNL-VFL)/ΔIL

= (8-7.995)/40mA

= 125μV/mA
5.The i/p of a certain regulator increases by 3.5V. As a
result , o/p voltage increases by 0.042V. The nominal
o/p is 20V. Determine the line regulation in both %
and %/V.

line regulation in % = 1.2%

line regulation in %/V = 0.06 %/V


6. For the given series regulator , calculate (i) output
voltage and (ii) Zener current

Base current IB= IC/β = 11.3/50 =0.226 mA


Zener current IZ= IR-IB=36.4-0.226≈36 mA
7.For the circuit shown ,if VZ=10V, 𝛽=100 and
RL=1000Ω, find the load voltage and load current.
Assume VBE=0.5V and the Zener operates in the
breakdown region
8. Determine the (i) regulated voltage and (ii) load current and
collector current for shunt regulator shown [Si transistor is used]
9. A power supply has a voltage regulation of 1%. If the no-
load voltage is 30V,what is the full-load voltage?

10. A voltage regulator has a line regulation of 1.4


μV/V .Determine the change in its o/p voltage if the i/p voltage
changes by 10V

ΔVO = 14μV
11. Determine the regulated voltage & various current
for the given shunt regulator [VBE=0.7V]

Load voltage VL =10.7 V

Load current = 107 mA Collector current IC =23.3mA

current through Rs (ie) IS = 130.3mA Base current IB = 233μA


12. Fig shows the regulation curve of a power supply . Find (i)
voltage regulation and (ii) minimum load resistance

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