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Health Physics

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Fahad Balabagan
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15 views24 pages

Health Physics

Uploaded by

Fahad Balabagan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Radiation protection

Presented by: Ashrine


C. Bernan,RRT
HEALTH

PHYSICS
Concerned with
providing
occupational radiation
protection and
minimizing radiation
dose to the public.
Radiation and health

ALARA- As low as
Reasonably Achievable
- We practice ALARA
because…
Cardinal principles
1. TIME
2. DISTANCE
3. SHIELDING
MINIMIZE TIME

Dose to an individual is directly


related to duration of radiation
exposures.
- Directly proportional to radiation
dose.
EXAMPLE :
A radiation worker is exposed
to 2.3 mGya/ hr (230 mR/hr)
from a radiation source. If the
worker remains in that position
for 36 minutes, what will be the
total occupational exposure?
Aradiation worker is exposed to
5 mGya/ hr (500 mR/hr) from a
radiation source. If the worker
remains in that position for 40
minutes, what will be the total
occupational exposure?
During radiography, the time of
exposure is kept to a minimum to
reduce motion blur. During
fluoroscopy, the time of exposure
also should be kept to a minimum to
reduce patient and personnel
radiation exposure. This is an area of
radiation protection that is not
directly controlled by the radiologic
technologist
The 5-minute reset timer on all
fluoroscopes reminds the radiologist
EXAMPLE :
The parent of a patient is asked to
remain next to the patient during
fluoroscopy, where the radiation
exposure level is 6 mGya/hr (600
mR/hr). If the allowable daily exposure
is 0.5 Gya, how long may the parent
remain?
MAXIMIZE distance
Maintain large distance between
source of radiation (x-ray tube)
and patient.
An increased in distance from
source reduces the amount of
radiation received by the patient
DIRECT SQUARE LAW
INVERSE SQUARE LAW
Direct square law

Asatisfactory radiograph was


made using a 90 cm SID,
12mAs. If the examination will be
repeated a distance of 140 cm.
what should be the new mAs
value.
Inverse square law

 An x-ray tube has an output intensity


of 26 mGya/mAs (2.6 mR/mAs) at
100-cm source-to-image receptor
distance (SID) when operated at 70
kVp. What would be the radiation
exposure 350 cm from the target?
Two steps back, the exposure rate is
only
approximately 50 µGya/hr (5 mR/hr).
This reduction in
exposure does not follow the inverse
square law because
during fluoroscopy, the patient is an
extended source of
radiation because of scattered x-rays
generated within
the body
USE OF SHIELDING
Position shielding between radiation
source between radiation source and
exposed person greatly reduce level
of radiation exposure.
It greatly reduces the level of
radiation exposure
Consist of Pb. – the denser the
material, more shielding it will
provide , most commonly radiation
shielding .
The amount that a protective
barrier reduces
radiation intensity can be
estimated if the half-value
layer (HVL) or the tenth-value
layer (TVL) of the barrier material
is known.
The thickness of absorber
necessary to reduce radiation
intensity to half its original
value.
 e. g: material that has high Z
-Uranium
-Tungsten
-lead
When operated at 80 kVp, an x-ray
imaging system emits 36 µGya/mAs at
an SID of 100 cm. How much shielding
(concrete or lead) would be required to
reduce the intensity to less than 2.5
µGya/mAs?
TVL
The thickness of
absorber necessary to
reduce radiation
intensity to one-tenth its
original value
EFFECTIVE
DOSE
is
the equivalent
whole-body dose.
What is the difference between
patient dose and effective dose ?
The equivalent whole-body dose
is the weighted average of the
radiation dose to various organs
and tissues.

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