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Abstract Algebra

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53 views12 pages

Abstract Algebra

Uploaded by

tagaroglaizajane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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M OR P H I S M S

HO
And FACTOR
GROUPS
Sub-topics:
• FACTOR-GROUP
COMPUTATIONS and SIMPLE
GROUPS
• SERIES OF GROUPS
What are factor groups and normal
subgroup?
Group: Integers which are closed under addition +
Subgroups: …, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,…
5 = {…, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15,…}
1+5 = {…, -9, -4, 1, 6, 11, 16,…}
2+5 = {...,-8, -3, 2, 7, 12, 17,…}
3+5 = {…,-7, -2, 3, 8, 13, 18,…}

We use 5 to partition our group.


5 is a normal subgroup because cosets form a
group called the factor groups or quotient group.
Factor-Group computations

COSET
- Subsets of the group that partition the group,
dividing the group into even sections.
NORMAL SUBGROUP
- a subgroup H of a group G is normal
subgroup in G if and only if gH=Hg for all g in
G.
- if a subgroup H of group G can be written as
gH=Hg for all g in G, then it is a normal
subgroup.
Factor-Group computations

FACTOR GROUP
- The factor group of a group G with respect to
a special subgroup N called a normal
subgroup, can best be thought of a partition
of the group G into classes which a group
operation can be unambiguously defined.
Cosets of a subgroup.
- A normal subgroup is gH=Hg and partition of
a group G (cosets).
- So, the set G/H = {gH: g in G}.
EXAMPLE:

Definition: G/H = {gH: g in G}


G= {0,1,2,3} Z4,+,
H= {0, 2} normal subgroup of G
G/H= {gH: g in G}= {0{0,2}, 1{0,2}, 2{0,2},
3{0,2}}
= {{0,2}, {1,3}, {2,0}, {3,1}}
= {{0,2}, {1,3}}
EXAMPLE:
G= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9,10,11,,12,13,14,15}
(Zmod16)

}
Group H=(0,4,8,12)= <4> (4Zmod)
G/H= {0+H, 0+H=H={0,4,8,12}
4 COSETS
={ 1+H, 1+H= { 1,5,9,13}
= {2+H, 2+H= {2,6,10,14}
= {3+H, 3+H= {3,7,11,15}
Caley Table of
Factor Group
+ H 1+H 2+H 3+H
H H 1+H 2+H 3+H
1+H 1+H 2+H 3+H H
2+H 2+H 3+H H 1+H
3+H 3+H H 1+H 2+H
TRY!

Compute the factor group (Z4 Z6)/(0,1) G/H


0,1 cyclic subgroup H of (Z4 Z6) generated by (0,1)
H = {(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5)} = 6
G = (Z4 Z6) = 24
(Z4 Z6)/H = 24/6
=4
= (0, 0) + H, (1, 0) + H, (2, 0) + H, (3, 0) + H
EXAMPLE:

Compute the factor group (Z4 Z6)/(0,1) G/H


0,1 cyclic subgroup H of (Z4 Z6) generated by (0,1)
H = {(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5)} = 6
G = (Z4 Z6) = 24
(Z4 Z6)/H = 24/6
=4
= (0, 0) + H, (1, 0) + H, (2, 0) + H, (3, 0) + H
THEOREM 3.3.9
A factor group of a cyclic group is cyclic.
Proof: Let G be cyclic with generator a and let N
be a normal subgroup of G. We claim the coset
aN generates G/N. We must compute all powers
of aN. But this amounts to computing in G all
power of the representative a and all these
powers give all the elements in G. Hence, the
powers of aN certainly give all the cosets of N
and G/N is a cyclic.
EXAMPLE:

Compute the factor group (Z4 Z6)/0,2 . (0,2) generates the


subgroup of (Z4 Z6) of order 3.
H = {(0,0), (0,2), (0,4)}
Here’s the first factor of Z4 of Z4 Z6 is left alone. The Z6 factor,
on the other hand, is essentially collapsed by a subgroup of
order 3, giving a factor group in the second factor of order 2
that must be isomorphic to Z2. Thus (Z4 Z6)/0,2 is isomorphic
to Z4 Z2.

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