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Nuclear Physics Presentation

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Muhammad muzammil
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12 views8 pages

Nuclear Physics Presentation

Uploaded by

Muhammad muzammil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NUCLEAR PHYSICS

PRESENTATION

5.1 The Nuclear model of atom


5.1.1 THE ATOM:

In physics, an atom is defined as the smallest unit of an


element that retains its properties, composed of a dense
nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons
orbiting around it.

Scattering
Experiments
Scattering experiments in physics involve studying how
particles or waves interact with matter. In this experiment,
Alpha particles from a source are made to fall on a gold foil
placed inside a series of detectors arranged in a circle.
Observations and Conclusions:

1. Most of the alpha pass through straight un-deflected.


2.Very few particles get deflected at angles greater than 90 degrees.
3.Some alpha particles are deflected at angles less than 90 degrees.
Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom:
The Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom combines elements from Ernest
Rutherford's nuclear model and Niels ohr's quantization of electron
orbits.

In this model:

1. Nucleus: At the center of the atom is a dense nucleus, containing


protons and neutrons, which is responsible for most of the atom's mass.

2. Electrons: Electrons orbit the nucleus in defined circular paths or


"shells." Unlike in Rutherford's model, Bohr proposed that these orbits
are quantized, meaning electrons can only occupy certain energy levels.

3. Energy Levels: Electrons can jump between these energy levels by


absorbing or emitting energy in discrete amounts (quanta), which
corresponds to specific wavelengths of light.

This model successfully explained the emission spectra of hydrogen but


had limitations for more complex atoms. It laid the groundwork for later
Ions:
ions are important because they relate to the behavior of atomic nuclei and their
interactions. Here’s a brief explanation:

1. Formation: Ions can be created through nuclear reactions, such as alpha or beta
decay, where particles are emitted from a nucleus, resulting in the formation of new
ions.

2. Charged Particles: Ions, especially charged particles like alpha particles (helium
nuclei) or beta particles (electrons), play a significant role in nuclear reactions,
radiation, and particle physics.

3. Applications: Understanding ions is crucial in applications like nuclear medicine,


radiation therapy, and nuclear reactors, where the behavior of ions affects reaction
rates, energy production, and biological impacts.

4. Ionization: Nuclear processes can lead to ionization in surrounding materials, which is


fundamental in detecting and measuring radiation through ionization chambers or
Geiger counters.

Overall, ions are central to the study of nuclear interactions and their practical
applications in science and technology.
Schrödinger model of the atom:
. he Schrödinger model of the atom, developed by Erwin
T
Schrödinger in the 1920s, introduces the concept of wave
mechanics. It describes electrons as wave functions rather than
particles in fixed orbits. These wave functions provide the
probability distribution of finding an electron in a certain region
around the nucleus, known as atomic orbitals.

This model incorporates the principles of quantum mechanics


and allows for the quantization of energy levels. Unlike the Bohr
model, it does not specify exact paths for electrons but rather
gives a statistical interpretation of their positions. Schrödinger's
equation is fundamental in predicting atomic behavior and
explains phenomena such as electron shielding and
hybridization. Overall, this model marked a significant shift in
understanding atomic structure and behavior.
The Nucleus:

The nucleus is the small, dense central core of an atom, composed of protons and
neutrons (collectively called nucleons).

1. Protons: Positively charged particles that determine the atomic number and
identity of an element.

2. Neutrons: Neutral particles that contribute to the mass of the nucleus and help
stabilize it.

3. Strong Nuclear Force: The force that holds protons and neutrons together,
overcoming the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons.

4. Nuclear Reactions: The nucleus is involved in processes like fusion and fission,
which release large amounts of energy.

5. Isotopes: Variants of elements with the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons, affecting stability and radioactive properties.
Protons and Neutrons:

Protons
- Charge: Positive (+1).
- Mass: About 1 atomic mass unit (amu).
- Role: Define the element’s atomic number and identity; provide stability in the
nucleus.

Neutrons
- Charge: Neutral (0).
- Mass: About 1 amu, similar to protons.
- Role: Stabilize the nucleus by reducing repulsion between protons; contribute
to different isotopes.

Together, protons and neutrons form the atomic nucleus, influencing atomic
behavior and stability.

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