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8 16 Qam

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42 views19 pages

8 16 Qam

Uploaded by

vijayaselvam72
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UIT 2305

INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL COMMUNICATION


UNIT 2

DIGITAL MODULATION AND DEMODULATION


8 & 16 - QAM
Session objectives
 To learn the concept of M-ary modulation
techniques
 Learn M-ary QAM concepts
 To discuss about 8 -QAM
 To analyse the transmitter and receiver block
diagram
 To discuss the phasor and constellation diagram of 8
& 16 QAM
Session outcomes
At the end of the session, students will be able to

 Understand the concept of M-ary modulation


techniques
 Understand 8 & 16 QAM modulation and
demodulation techniques
M-ary Modulation Techniques
• Discrete changes in both amplitude and phase of a
carrier is combined to produce M-ary amplitude-phase
keying (APK) called as M-ary QAM.
• M-ary signaling schemes are preferred over binary
signaling schemes to conserve bandwidth at the
expense of increased power.
• The use of M-ary PSK enables a reduction in
transmission bandwidth by the factor n log 2 M over
binary PSK
Quardrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

• Digital information is contained both in amplitude


and phase of the transmission carrier
• 8-QAM and 16 QAM are M-ary encoding techniques
• In 8-QAM, M=8 and N=3
• For 16-QAM, M=16 and N=4
M-ary QAM
• In an M-ary PSK system, in-phase and quadrature
components of the modulated signal are interrelated in
such a way that the envelope is constrained to remain
constant.
• If this constraint is removed, the in-phase and quadrature
components are thereby permitted to be independent and
it leads to a new modulation scheme called M-ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
• The carrier experiences amplitude as well as phase
modulation.
8-QAM
8-QAM Transmitter
• Same as 8-PSK except that c bit is not inverted in Q channel
8-QAM cont…
• 8-QAM modulator truth table, phasor and constellation diagram
8-QAM cont…

• For 8-QAM,
baud = (1/3)bit rate
• Fundamental frequency,
f a = fb / 6
• Bandwidth requirement
mathematically output of BM is,
= Xsin(ωat) x sin(ωct)
=X/2[cos(ωc-ωa)t-cos(ωc+ωa)t]
Minimun double side Nyquist bandwidth (F N )is,
B= fb /3
8-QAM cont…

8-QAM Receiver

• Similar to 8-PSK receiver, difference are the PAM levels at


output of product detectors and binary signal at analog-to-
digital converter

• Output of I channel 4-to-2 level converter are I and C bits

• Output of Q channel 4-to-2 level converter are Q and C bits


8-QAM cont…
16-QAM

16-QAM Transmitter
16-QAM cont…

• For 16-QAM,
baud = (1/4)bit rate
• Fundamental frequency,
f a = fb / 8
• Bandwidth requirement
mathematically output of BM is,
= Xsin(ωat) x sin(ωct)
=X/2[cos(ωc-ωa)t-cos(ωc+ωa)t]
Minimun double side Nyquist bandwidth (F N )is,
B= fb /4
16 QAM constellation
Summary
 M-ary modulation techniques
 8 QAM Transmitter and Reciever
 Mathematical representation
 Signal constellation
 Phasor diagram
Test Your Understanding

 Draw 8-QAM waveform for the bit stream


10110001.
 Draw and explain the transmitter and receiver
blocks of 8- QAM system
References
1. S. Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John Wiley,
2005.

2. Wayne Tomasi, “Electronic Communications Systems:


Fundamentals through Advanced”, 5th edition, Pearson
Prentice Hall.
•

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