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16.36 Communication Systems Engineering

Spring 2009

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 Lectures 7: Modulation with 2-D signal

Eytan Modiano

Eytan Modiano
Slide 1
 Two-dimensional signals

• Si = (Si1, Si2) S4 =(-1,1) S1=(1,1)

• Set of signal points is

called a constellation

S2 =(-1,-1) S3 =(1,-1)

• 2-D constellations are commonly used

• Large constellations can be used to transmit many bits per symbol

– More bandwidth efficient
– More error prone
• The “shape” of the constellation can be used to minimize error probability by
keeping symbols as far apart as possible

• Common constellations
– QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

PAM in two dimensions

Eytan Modiano
– PSK: Phase Shift Keying
Slide 2
Special constellation where all symbols have equal power
 Symmetric M-QAM

{ }
Sm = (Amx , Amy ), Amx , Amy ! + / " 1, + / " 3,...,+ / " ( M " 1)

M is the total number of signal points (symbols)

M signal levels on each axis

Constellation is symmetric 16-QAM

# M = K 2 , for some K 3

1
Signal levels on each axis are
the same as for PAM -3 -1 1 3
-1
E.g.,4 ! QAM " Amx , Amy #{+ / ! 1}
-3
16 ! QAM" Amx , Amy #{+ / ! 1, + / ! 3}
Eytan Modiano
Slide 3

 Bandwidth occupancy of QAM

• When using a rectangular pulse, the Fourier transform is a Sinc

g(t) |G(f)|
AT
A

T -2/T -1/T 1/T 2/T

• First null BW is still 2/T

– Log2(M) bits per symbol
– Rb = Log2(M)/T
– Bandwidth Efficiency = Rb/BW = Log2(M)/2

⇒ “Same as for PAM”

But as we will see next, QAM is more energy efficient than PAM
Eytan Modiano
Slide 4
 Energy efficiency

Esm = [( Amx ) 2 + (Amy ) 2 ]Eg

K2 !1 M !1
E[( Amx ) 2 ]= E[( Amy ) 2 ] = = , K= M
3 3
2(M ! 1)
Es = Eg
3
Es (M ! 1)
Transmitted energy = = Eg
2 3
(M !1)
Eb (QAM) = Energy / bit = Eg
3Log2 (M)

• Compare to PAM: Eb increases with M, but not nearly as fast as PAM

(M 2 ! 1)
Eb (PAM) = E
Eytan Modiano

6Log2 (M) g
Slide 5

 Bandpass QAM

• Modulate the two dimensional signal by multiplication by orthogonal

carriers (sinusoids): Sine and Cosine
– This is accomplished by multiplying the Ax component by Cosine and the Ay
component by sine
– Typically, people do not refer to these components as x,y but rather Ac or As
for cosine and sine or sometimes as AQ, and AI for quadrature or in-phase
components

• The transmitted signal, corresponding to the mth symbol is:

Um (t) = Amx g(t)Cos( 2! fct ) + Amy g(t)Sin(2!fc t), m = 1...M

Eytan Modiano

Slide 6

 Modulator

g(t)

Map Log(M) Cos(2πfct)

Binary data bits into one
of M symbols Um(t)
Am=(Ax, Ay) Sin(2πfct)

g(t)

Eytan Modiano
Slide 7
 Demodulation: Recovering the baseband signals

U(t) LPF Sxr(t)

2Cos(2πfct)
U(t) LPF Syr(t)

2Sin(2πfct)
• Over a symbol duration, Sin(2πfct) and Cos(2πfct) are orthogonal
– As long as the symbol duration is an integer number of cycles of the carrier wave
(fc = n/T) for some n
• When multiplied by a sine, the cosine component of U(t) disappears and similarly
the sine component disappears when multiplied by cosine
Eytan Modiano
Slide 8
 Demodulation, cont.

U(t)2Cos(2! fct) = 2A x g(t)Cos 2 (2! fct) + 2A y g(t)cos(2! fct)sin ( 2! fct )

1 + cos(2" )
Cos (" ) =
2

2
# U(t)2Cos(2! fct) = S x (t) + S x (t)cos(4! fct) !$ LPF!!# S x (t) = A x g(t)

Similarly,
U(t)2Sin(2! fct) = 2A x g(t)Cos(2! fct)Sin ( 2! fct ) + 2A y g(t)sin 2 ( 2! fct )
1 % cos(2" )
Sin 2 (" ) =
2
# U(t)2Sin(2! fct) = S y (t) % S y (t)cos(4! fct) $ LPF!!# S y (t) = A y g(t)

Eytan Modiano

Slide 9

 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

• Two Dimensional signals where all symbols have equal energy levels
– I.e., they lie on a circle or radius Es

Es

• Symbols are equally spaced to minimize likelihood of errors

• E.g., Binary PSK

Es Es
s1 s2

• 4-PSK (above) same as 4-QAM

Eytan Modiano

Slide 10

 M-PSK

Aix = Cos(2 !i / M ), Aiy = Sin(2 !i / M ), i = 0,...,M " 1

x Cos( 2!f t) " g(t)A y Sin(2 !f t)

Um (t) = g(t) Am c m c

Cos(# " $ ) + Cos(# + $ )

Notice : Cos(#)Cos($ ) =
2
Cos(# " $ ) " Cos(# + $ )
Sin(#) Sin( $ ) =
2
Hence, U m (t) = g(t)Cos(2!fc t + 2!m / M )

%m = 2 ! m / M = phases shiftof m th symbol

Um (t) = g(t)Cos(2!fc t + %m ), m = 0...M "1
Eytan Modiano

Slide 11

 M-PSK Summary

• Constellation of M Phase shifted symbols

– All have equal energy levels
– Log2(M) bits per symbol

• Modulation:
g(t)

Map Log(M) Cos(2πfct)

Binary data bits into one
of M symbols Um(t)
Am=(Ax, Ay)
-Sin(2πfct)

g(t)

• Notice that for PSK we subtract the sine component from the cosine component
– For convenience of notation only. If we added, the phase shift would have been negative but the
end result is the same

• Demodulation is the same as for QAM

Eytan Modiano

Slide 12