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Chemical Bonding

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28 views68 pages

Chemical Bonding

Uploaded by

Jeoferson Jose Valdez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Bonding

• A lasting attraction between atoms, ions or


molecules that enables the formation of
chemical compounds.
• IN OTHER WORDS
– the protons (+) in one nucleus are attracted to
the electrons (-) of another atom
• This is Electronegativity !!
Three Major Types of Bonding
1. Ionic Bonding
– It is formed through complete transfer of
electron from one atom to another atom.
It exist between metals and non-metals
Why do atoms
bond?
8
2. Metallic Bonding
• Metallic bonds occur among metal
atoms. Whereas ionic bonds join
metals to non-metals, metallic bonding
joins a bulk of metal atoms. A sheet of
aluminum foil and a copper wire are
both places where you can see metallic
bonding in action
Metallic Bonding
• Always formed between 2 metals (pure
metals)
– Solid gold, silver, lead, etc…
Covalent bonding
• The atoms form a covalent bond by
sharing their valence electrons to get a
stable octet of electrons.(filled valence
shell of 8 electrons)
• Electron-Dot Diagrams of the atoms are
combined to show the covalent bonds
• Covalently bonded atoms form
MOLECULES
Covalent Bonding
molecules
• Pairs of e- are
shared
between 2 non-
metal atoms to
acquire the electron
configuration of a
noble gas.
Covalent Bonding
• Occurs between nonmetal atoms which need to gain
electrons to get a stable octet of electrons or a filled
outer shell.

no
nm
et
a ls
Naming Molecular
Compounds (Covalent)

Type III

Nonmetal + nonmetal
The Covalent Bond
Sharing of electrons
Properties of Molecular or Covalent Compounds

• Made from 2 or more non­metals


• Consist of molecules not ions
Molecular Formulas
Show the kinds and numbers of
atoms present in a molecule of
a compound.

Molecular Formula = H2O


Structural formula

H N H
H
Molecular formula NH3
Molecular Formulas
• Examples

• CO2

• SO3

• N2 O5
Rules for Naming
Molecular compounds
• The most “metallic” nonmetal
element is written first (the one
that is furthest left)
• The most non­metallic of the two
nonmetals is written last in the
formula
• NO2 not O2N
• All binary molecular compounds end
in -­ide
Molecular compounds
• Ionic compounds use charges to determine the
chemical formula
• The molecular compound‘s name tells you the
number of each element in the chemical
formula.
• Uses prefixes to tell you the quantity of each
element.
• You need to memorize the prefixes !
Prefixes
• 1 mono­
• 2 di­
• 3 tri­
• 4 tetra­
• 5 penta­ Memorize!
• 6 hexa­
• 7 hepta­
• 8 octa­
• 9 nona­
• 10
deca­
More Molecular Compound Rules
• If there is only one of the first element do
not put (prefix) mono­
• Example: carbon monoxide (not monocarbon monoxide)

• If the nonmetal starts with a vowel, drop


the vowel ending from all prefixes except
di and tri
• monoxide not monooxide
• tetroxide not tetraoxide
Molecular compounds

N2O5
Molecular compounds

N2O5
di
Molecular compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen
Molecular compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen penta
Molecular compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen pentaoxide
Molecular compound Naming Practice

N2O5

dinitrogen pentaoxide
Molecular compounds

N2O5

dinitrogen
pentoxide
dinitrogen pentoxide
Molecular
compounds Sulfur
trioxide
Molecular compounds
Sulfur
trioxide

S
Molecular compounds
Sulfur
trioxide

S
Molecular compounds
Sulfur trioxide

S O3
Molecular
compounds Sulfur
trioxide
S O3
SO3
Molecular compounds

CCl4
Molecular compounds

CCl4

monocarbon
Molecular compounds

CCl4

monocarbon
Molecular compounds

CCl4
carbon
Molecular compounds

CCl4
carbon tetra
Molecular compounds

CCl4
carbon tetrachloride
Molecular compounds

CCl4
carbon tetrachloride

Carbon tetrachloride
Write molecular formulas
for these
• diphosphorus pentoxide
• P2O5
• trisulfur hexaflouride
• S3F6

• nitrogen triiodide
• NI3
Common Names

H2O

NH3
Common
Names
H2O Water

NH3 Ammonia
Bond Types

3 Possible Bond Types:


• Ionic
• Non-Polar Covalent
• Polar Covalent
Use Electronegativity Values to
Determine Bond Types
• Ionic bonds
– Electronegativity (EN) difference > 2.0
• Polar Covalent bonds
– EN difference is between .21 and 1.99
• Non-Polar Covalent bonds
– EN difference is < .20
– Electrons shared evenly in the bond
Ionic Character
“Ionic Character” refers to a bond’s
polarity
–In a polar covalent bond,
• the closer the EN difference is to 2.0,
the more POLAR its character
• The closer the EN difference is to .20,
the more NON-POLAR its character
Place these molecules in order of increasing
bond polarity using the electronegativity
values on your periodic table

• HCl EN difference = 0.9


• CH4 EN difference = 0.4
• CO2 EN difference = 1.0
a.k.a.
• NH3 EN difference = 0.9 “ionic character”

• N2 EN difference = 0
• HF EN difference = 1.9
Polar vs. Nonpolar
MOLECULES
• Sometimes the bonds within a
molecule are polar and yet the
molecule itself is non-polar
Nonpolar Molecules
• Molecule is Equal on all sides
– Symmetrical shape of molecule
(atoms surrounding central atom are
the same on all sides)
H
Draw Lewis dot first and
see if equal on all sides
H C H
H
Polar Molecules
• Molecule is Not Equal on all sides
– Not a symmetrical shape of molecule
(atoms surrounding central atom are
not the same on all sides)

Cl
H C H
H
Polar Molecule

+
H Cl  -

Unequal Sharing of Electrons


Non-Polar Molecule

Cl Cl
Equal Sharing of Electrons
Polar Molecule

H Cl
B
H
Not symmetrical
Non-Polar Molecule

H H
B
H Symmetrical
Water is a POLAR molecule

ANY time there are unshared pairs


of electrons on the central atom, the
molecule is POLAR
H H
O
Making sense of the polar
non-polar thing
BONDS MOLECULES

Non-polar Polar Non-polar Polar


EN difference EN Symmetrical Asymmetrical
difference
0 - .2 .21 – 1.99 OR
Unshared e-s on
Central Atom
5 Shapes of Molecules
you must know!
(memorize)
• VSEPR – Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion Theory
– Covalent molecules assume geometry
that minimizes repulsion among electrons
in valence shell of atom
– Shape of a molecule can be predicted
from its Lewis Structure
1. Linear (straight line)
Ball and stick
model OR

Molecule geometry X A X
OR

A X
Shared Pairs = 2 Unshared Pairs = 0
2. Trigonal Planar
Ball and stick
model

Molecule geometry X
A
X X
Shared Pairs = 3 Unshared Pairs = 0
3.Tetrahedral
Ball and stick Molecule geometry
model

Shared Pairs = 4 Unshared Pairs = 0


4. Bent
Ball and stick
model

..
Lewis Diagram A
X X

Shared Pairs = 2 Unshared Pairs = 1 or 2


5.Trigonal Pyramidal
Ball and stick Molecule geometry
model

Shared Pairs = 3 Unshared Pairs = 1


Intramolecular attractions
• Attractions
within or inside
molecules, also
known as bonds.
– Ionic
– Covalent Roads within a state
– metallic
Why does Hydrogen
“bonding” occur?
• Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine
– are small atoms with strong nuclear
charges
• powerful atoms
– Have very high electronegativities,
these atoms hog the electrons in a bond
– Create very POLAR molecules
The End

68

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