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W IS R ?
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 THE COMPUTER DEFINED
In basic term, a computer is an electronic device that
processes data, converting it into
information that is useful to people. Any computer-
regardless of its type- is controlled by programmed
instructions, which gives the machine a purpose and tell it
what to do.
 TYPES OF
COMPUTER
1. 1. PERSONAL COMPUTER
2. 2. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
3. 3. MINICOMPUTER
4. 4. SUPER COMPUTER
 PERSONAL COMPUTER
The most common types of computer is personal computer- a
personal computer that is designed to sit on a desk or table. These
are the systems you see all around you, in school, homes, and
office.
Today’s personal computers are more
powerful than those of just a few year’s ago. Not only do these
machine enable people to do their jobs with greater ease and
efficient, but they can be used to communicate, produce music, edit
photographs and videos, etc. the main components of the personal
computer is the system units.
 MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Mainframe computer are used in large organizations such as insurance
companies and banks, where many people frequently need to use the
same data. In a traditional mainframe environment, each user accesses
the mainframe’s resources through a device called a terminal. There
are two types of terminals. A dumb terminal does not process or store
data; it is simply an input/output device that functions as a window into a
computer located somewhere else. An intelligent terminal can perform
some processing operations, but it usually does not have any storage.
In some mainframe environments, however, workers can use a
standard personal computer to access the mainframe.
 MINICOMPUTER
First released in the 1960s, minicomputers got their name because
of their small size compared to other computer of the day. The
capabilities of a minicomputer are somewhere between those of
mainframe and personal computers. For this reason minicomputers
are often called midrange computers.
 SUPERCOMPUTER

Supercomputers are the most powerful computers made, and

physically they are some of the largest. These systems can process
huge amounts of data, and the fastest supercomputers can perform
more than one trillion calculations per second.
 PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
A complete computer system consists of mainly three parts.
1. Hardware (The computer)
2. Software (Programs)
3. Data (Information)
 Software
Software is a set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks. In
other words we can say that, software tells the
computer what to do. Here the program refers to any piece of software

Types of Software
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software
 System Software
Those Software which are Used to provide interface between user and
hardware is known as system software ex. Operating System

Application Software
Those Software which are Used to Perform a Particular Task is known as
Application Software ex. Adobe Flash Player

Utility Software
Those Software which are Used as a helping tool for our convenience is
known as utility software ex. Antivirus
 Other Software's
1. Freeware Software - Freeware software is available without any cost.
Any user can download it from the internet and use it without
paying any fee. Ex. Adobe Reader

2. Shareware Software - It is a software that is freely distributed to users

on a trial basis. It usually comes with a time limit and when the time
limit expires, the user is asked to pay for the continued services. Ex.
Winzip

3. Open Source Software - These kinds of software are available to users

with the source code which means that a user can freely distribute
and modify the software and add additional features to the software.
Ex. Linux OS

4. Proprietary Software - Proprietary software is any software that is

 Hardware
The mechanical devices that make up the computer are called Hardware. A
computer’s hardware consists of interconnected electronic devices that you
can use to control the computer’s operation, input, and output.

Assembling a Computer
We have two Option to assemble a PC. We also assemble a Computer
System with same brand Components and also different different brands
Peripherals.
 Types of Hardware Devices
1. Input Devices :- Those Devices Which are used to give input in computer
system are known as Input Devices

2. Output Devices :- Those Devices Which are used to take Output as result
of our Input in our Computer System are known as Output Devices
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Graphics tablet
• Game Controllers
• Touch screen
• Webcam
• Microphone
• Monitor
• Printer
• Audio Speaker
• Headphones
• Projector
• GPS
• Sound Card
• Video Card
 What is Monitor?
A Monitor is an Output Device used to display the output as result.

There are 5 Basic Types of Monitors :-

1. CRT – (Cathode Ray Tube)

2. LCD – (Liquid Crystal Display)
3. LED – (Light Emitting Diode)
4. TFT – ( Thin Film Transistor)
5. AMOLED – (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode)
 MONITORS
 CRT- Cathode - Ray Tube The
cathode ray tube (CRT)
 vacuum tube containing an electron
gun (a source of electrons)
 fluorescent screen with internal or
external means to accelerate and
deflect the electron beam
 LCD Display - Liquid Crystal
Display A liquid crystal display
(LCD)
 thin, flat panel used for
electronically displaying
information
 LED – Light Emitting Diode
 instead of having a normal CCFL
backlight, it uses light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) as a source of light behind
the screen.
 TFT – Thin Film Transistor
 each pixel is controlled by from
one to
four transistors.
 Uses chemical and electrical
properties
to create a visible image on a screen.
 AMOLED – Active Matrix
Organic Light Emitting Diode
 The OLED display contains an LED
which is comprised of an organic
material that emits light when the
current is passed through it. It is used
to display rich and vibrant colors.
Types of Connectors in Monitors
1. VGA – (Video Graphics Array)
15 pins Only VIDEO

2. DVI – (Digital Video Interface)

24 pins VIDEO & AUDIO

3. HDMI – (High Definition Multimedia Interface)

19 pins HD VIDEO & AUDIO
 What is Keyboard?
A Keyboard is a Input Device used to Input in Computer System using
some Key Strokes.

There are 5 Basic Types of Keyboards:-

1. Mechanical Keyboard
2. Gaming Keyboard
3. Standard Keyboard
4. Wireless Keyboard
5. Multimedia Keyboard

Connectors – PS2 & USB

 What is Mouse?
A Mouse is a Input Device used to Input in Computer System using a
Pointer Arrow

There are 3 Basic Types of Mouse are:-

1. Mechanical or Trackball Mouse

2. Optical mouse
3. Wireless Mouse

Connectors – PS2 & USB

 What is UPS?
(Uninterruptible Power Supply) A device that
provides battery backup when the electrical power
fails or drops to an unacceptable voltage level.
Small UPS systems provide power for a few
minutes; enough to power down the computer in an
orderly manner, while larger systems have enough
battery for several hours.
 What is Speaker?
A Speaker is a Output Device used to Give Sound as Output. In order to
translate an electrical signal into an audible sound, speakers contain an
electromagnet: a metal coil which creates a magnetic field when an electric
current flows through it.
 What is Webcam?
Webcams are typically small cameras that either attach to a
user's monitor or sit on a desk. Most webcams connect to the
computer via USB

Types of Webcams :-

1. Integrated Webcam
2. Webcam with Microphone
3. Stand alone Webcam
4. Network Cameras or CCTV
 What is Scanner?
A Scanner is an Input Device which converts the hard copy into soft copy. It
converts Hard copy into Digital Copy.

Types of Scanners :-

1. Specialized Scanner
2. Handheld Scanner
3. Standard Scanner (Flatbed & Sheet fed)
4. Scanning Applications
Specialized Scanner
Those Scanners which are used to scan some
special documents like. Business card & Metro Card

Handheld Scanner
Those Scanners which are Smaller and easy to
hand held and uses to scan a lot of things very
quickly like. Barcode Scanner
 Standard Scanner
Flatbed Scanner
In a Flatbed Scanner the Documents or pages are
placed on the screen for scanning. These maybe
standalone or integrated in a printer
Sheetfed Scanner
A Sheetfed scanner is a smaller and Portable
scanner in comparing of Flatbed You can scan a
whole book using sheetfed scanner
Application Scanner
Those Scanners which need Mobile Phone to be
Operate like CamScan & Genius Cam
Types of Connectors in Scanners
1. Serial/Com Port – 9 & 25 pins connector

2. Parallel Port - 40 pins connector

3. USB Port – 4 pins connector

4. LAN Port – 8 pins connector

5. Wireless – without connector

 What is Printer?
A Printer is an Output Device which converts the Soft copy into Hard copy.
It converts Digital copy into Physical Copy.

Types of Printers :-

1. Impact Printer :- Impact Printers are those

Printers which have physical contact between the print head, ribbon on

Cartilage and Paper.

2. Non-Impact Printer :- Non-Impact Printers are those

Printers which do not have physical contact between the print head, ribbon

Cartilage and Paper.

Character Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Paper Character Wise ex. typewriter.
Line Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Paper Line Wise ex. Chain, Drum & Band
Page Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Whole Paper at a Time ex. Laser
 Impact Printers
Dot-Matrix Printer
It has an array of pins which helps to print the paper
with tiny Dots ex. Railway Ticket Printer
Speed up to 100 to 600 CPS having 9 to 24 Pins
Line Printer
They are used by Offices where they need to print
data at large scale ex. Poster Drum Printer
Speed up to 1200 to 6000 LPM
 Non-Impact Printers
Ink-Jet Printer
Ink-jet Printer is similar as Dot-Matrix but it doesn’t have
any physical contact with External media. It gives
Printout with the help of Spray Speed up to 250 CPS.
Laser Printer
Laser Printer Which uses Laser Beam and Heated
Toner to produce Printout on a Paper
Speed up to 6000 to 12000 pages per hour
Thermal Printer
A Thermal Printer is one that uses heat to transfer an
Impression into paper types of thermal printer

1. Thermal Wax Transfer Printer – Where a thermal

print head melts ink and transfer with the help of ribbon
onto paper. After cooling the wax is permanent ex. DTDC
Bus Ticket

2. Direct Thermal – Where a printer prints the image by

burning dots onto a coated paper ex. Barcode Generator

 1. Virtual Printer – A Virtual Printer is a simulated device
whose user interface and API are similar to a printer
driver, but the device is not connected with a physical
printer ex. Microsoft XPS Document Writer, Cute PDF
Writer

2. Multi Functional Device(MFD) – It is also known as

all in one Printer. This is a combination of various
functionalities like Printer, Scanner and Photocopy etc.
TIP -
Type SERVICES.MSC in cmd to show the running Printing processes also
allow to restart and stop processess
Types of Connectors in Printers
1. Serial/Com Port – 9 & 25 pins connector

2. Parallel Port - 40 pins connector

3. USB Port – 4 pins connector

4. LAN Port – 8 pins connector

5. Wireless – without connector

 Components of Computer
1. CPU or Microprocessor
2. Motherboard
3. RAM or Memory
4. HDD & SDD
5. ODD or DVD Writer
6. SMPS
MOTHERBOARD
EVERYTHING
ABOUT MOTH-
ERBOARD

Patiently designed by. Adarsh Tomar

 PCB

MOTHERBOARD OR PRINTED
CIRCUIT BOARD
 WHAT It is known as the Interconnection of Components in a computer

IS
MOTHERBOARD It is a Circuit board which have ports and sockets with transistors coating
to connect components together

It is responsible for contact of flow of data and instruction with the help
of BUSES

Two types of Motherboard 1. Plane 2. Mark

 SEGMENTS OF MOTHERBOARD

CATEGROIZED INTO 2 DIFFERENT SEGMENTS

INTEGRATED MOTHER- NON-INTEGRATED MBOARD

BOARD
ADD SOME OTHER PARTS OR
COMES WITH ALL PARTS INTEGRATED
PARTS AS PER REQUIREMENT.
WITH IT
 MAJOR BRANDS

DESKTO LAPTO SERVE

P P R
1. MBOARD 2. 3.
MBOAR MBOAR
It is used in D used in
It is ItD
is used in
Desktop Laptop. All Server. Bigger in
Systems. It components are size having
comes with placed in limited many ports and
Upgradation space. Rare designed for
Capability. We mboard allows high end works
can Upgrade it Upgradation
Easily
TYPES OF PCB
1. Mini ATX
2. Flex ATX
3. Micro ATX
4. EATX
5. Pico ATX
6. ITX
7. NLX
8. BTX
9. Mobile ATX
10. WATX
BUSES in Motherboard

DATA BUS :- It Sends and Receives data to Memory.

ADDRESS BUS :- It Sends Address of Inputs to the Memory or RAM

CONTROL BUS :- It Makes the Communication between CPU and

Components
CPU SOCKET
A CPU SOCKET OR CPU SLOT IS A
MECHANICAL COMPONENT(S) THAT
PROVIDES MECHANICAL AND
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN A
MICROPROCESSOR AND A PRINTED
CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB). THIS ALLOWS
THE CPU TO BE REPLACED WITHOUT
SOLDERING.
MEMORY SLOTS
A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is
what allows computer memory (RAM) to be
inserted into the computer. Depending on the
motherboard, there will usually be 2 to 4
memory slots (sometimes more on high-end
motherboards) and are what determine the type
of RAM used with the computer. The most
common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for
desktop computers and SODIMM for laptop
computers, each having various types and
speeds. In the below picture, is an example of
what memory slots may look like inside a
desktop computer. In this picture, there are three
open available slots for three memory sticks.
CMOS
BATTERY
Nonvolatile BIOS memory refers
to a small memory on PC
motherboards that is used to
store BIOS settings. It was
traditionally called CMOS RAM
because it used a volatile, low-
power complementary metal-
oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)
SRAM (such as Motorola
MC146818 or similar) powered
by a small battery when system
power was off.
ISA, PCI & AGP SLOTS
ISA, or Industry Standard Architecture, is
an 8bit or 16bit parallel bus system that
allowed up to 6 devices to be connected
to a PC. Virtually all IBM-compatible PCs
made before the Pentium were based on
the ISA (IBM's PC AT) bus. This
asynchronous bus architecture uses
16-bit addresses and an 8-MHz clock
and handles a maximum data
throughput of 2 MB/s to 3 MB/s.
AGP, Accelerates Graphics Port is a high-
speed point-to-point channel for attaching a
video card to a computer's motherboard. The
primary advantage of AGP over PCI is that it
provides a dedicated pathway between the
slot and the processor rather than sharing the
PCI bus.

PCI, Peripheral Component Interconnect

bus uses a local bus system; this system is
independent of the processor bus speed.
The PCI architecture incorporates its own
chip set which link the local bus to the main
bus, these links are called bridges, there
are two bridges which "north and south
bridge”
CHIPSE
Tchipset is a set of electronic
A
components in an integrated circuit that
manages the data flow between the
processor, memory and peripherals. It is
usually found in the motherboard of a
computer.
Chipsets are usually designed to work
with a specific family of microprocessors.
Because it controls communications
between the processor and external
devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in
determining system performance.
 SOUTHBRID
GE
The southbridge is one of the two
chips in the core logic chipset on a
personal computer (PC) motherboard,
the other being the northbridge. The
southbridge typically implements the
slower capabilities of the motherboard
in a northbridge/southbridge chipset
computer architecture.
 NORTHBRID
GE
The northbridge typically handles
communications among the CPU, in
some cases RAM, and PCI Express (or
AGP) video cards, and the southbridge.
[4][5] Some northbridges also contain
integrated video controllers, also known
as a Graphics and Memory Controller
Hub (GMCH) in Intel systems. Because
different processors and RAM require
different signaling, a given northbridge
will typically work with only one or two
classes of CPUs and generally only one
type of RAM.
GRAPHICS CARD
A Graphics Card is a piece of
computer hardware that produces
the image you see on a monitor. The
Graphics Card is responsible for
rendering an image to your monitor,
it does this by converting data into
a signal your monitor can
understand.
AUDIO CARD
A sound card is an
expansion card or IC for producing
sound on a computer that can be
heard through speakers or
headphones. Although the
computer does not need a sound
device to function, they are included
on every machine in one form or
another, either in an expansion slot
or built into the motherboard
 NIC CARD
A network interface card (NIC) is a
hardware component without which a
computer cannot be connected over
a network. It is a circuit board installed in a
computer that provides a
dedicated network connection to the
computer. It is also called network interface
controller, network adapter or LAN adapter.
BACK PANEL CONNECTORS AND
PORTS
PORTS
1. PS2 MOUSE
2. LAN
3. AUDIO PORT
4. PS2 KEYBOARD
5. USB 3.0
6. SERIAL
7. VGA
8. USB 2.0
SOME OTHER
PORTS
1. DVI
2. PARALLEL
3. HDMI
4. AUDIO
5. USB 2.0
 CABLES &
1. SATA & IDE PORT 7 &
CONNECTORS
1. SATA & IDE CABLES 40 PINS
2. POWER CONNECTION 2. 20-24 PINS ATX
WIRES PORT
3. CPU FAN WIRE 3. 4 PINS BRY PORT
4. MOLEX WIRE 4. FOR POWER IN HDD 4
PINS
MICROPROCESSOR
EVERYTHING
ABOUT MICRO-
PROCESSOR

Patiently designed by. Adarsh Tomar

 CPU

Control Processing Unit

 WHAT It is known as the brain of the Computer. It is first priority to run Machine

IS
MICROPROCESSOR It is a chip based structure made up of millions of transistors and logic
gates

It receives the incoming instructions as input from Memory or RAM,

Procced it and gives result as Output

It is Responsible for the Speed and Capacity to execute tasks in com-

puter systems

These Microprocessor are Categorized into 2 different architecture 32

BIT and 64 BIT
 SEGMENTS OF CPU

CATEGROIZED INTO 2 DIFFERENT SEGMENTS

ARITHMETIC LOGICAL
CONTROL UNIT
UNIT
Known as ALU Known as CU
It is responsible for controlling
It performs all the Arithmetic,
the flow of data between
mathematical, algebraical and logical
Microprocessor and the external
tasks like Addition, Divide, Multiplication,
components of the computer
Subtraction and Modulus. It also performs
using the CPU Buses.
Logic tasks like OR, AND and NOT

THESE ARE THE FACTORS WHICH MAKES A PROCESSOR TO

PERFORM TASKS FREQUENTLY!
BUSES in MICROPROCESSOR

CPU consists 3 Buses mention below. Basically Buses

are used as medium or carrier of information or data
between the microprocessor and the memory and
components of the system. It carries the instruction
from memory to CPU & back CPU to memory after
processing….
 DATA BUS :- It Sends and Receives data to Memory.

 ADDRESS BUS :- It Sends Address of Inputs to the Memory or RAM

 CONTROL BUS :- It Makes the Communication between CPU and

Components
Specifications of MAJOR SPECIFICATION OF
MICROPROCESSOR

 Clock Speed :- Clock Speed is a unit to

measures the number of instructions
executes by the working microprocessor
within a second is called Clock speed. It is
measured in GHz.
CPU

 Cache Memory :- It is Static natured and

Quick responsive memory, by structural it is
made up of 6 Transistors and 1 Capacitors in
each cell block. cache Memory are
categorized into 3 types L!, L2 and L3
 Operating Voltage :- It means how much
Power or Voltage a microprocessor needs to
performs tasks.
 FSB :- It stands for Front Side Bus. It is a data
bus which carries the data from RAM to
Processor and then back processor to RAM as
a procced instruction.

All the Information mentioned upon the

Processor
 MAJOR BRANDS

INTEL AMD NVIDIA

1. 2. 3.

Intel Corporation AMD (Advanced Micro NVIDIA

Intel Corporation is an Devices)
Advanced Micro NVIDIA is an American
American Devices is an technology company
multinational American It designs graphics
corporation and multinational processing units for
technology company semiconductor the gaming and
and the biggest company which also microprocessor units
manufacturer of makes GPU and the for everyone.
microprocessor in the second most selling
planet earth microprocessor brand
HISTORY & PRESENT

INTEL’S 1st Processor

Intel’s 1st Processor was INTEL 4004
which was designed for Calculators

AMD’S 1st Processor

AMD’s 1st Processor was AMD
AM9300 which was designed as
Competitor of INTEL

INTEL’S Latest
Processor
Intel’s latest Processor is INTEL i9
10TH Generation (Socket LGA 2066)

AMD’S Latest Processor

AMD’s latest Processor is RYZEN 9
3000+ Series (Socket AM4)
PACKAGING???
The process of installing the
microprocessor in motherboard is known as
packaging. In Motherboard there are
different different types of packaging for
different different types of micro
processor……
Packaging is based upon which micro
processor you want to install in your
system. The processor is install and fix with
the Socket in Motherboard….

CPU Installation
 SOCKETS FOR CPU
 According to Structure Sockets are a collection or a Array of Pins which holds
Microprocessor.

 Sockets are used to adjust the position of Microprocessor in the Motherboard. These are
Categorized according to the Brands and Version of Microprocessors…

INTEL No. of pins Processor AMD No. of pins Processor

1151 to C Series Socket C32 Opteron

LGA I3, i5 & i7
1155
Ryzen 3, 5, 7, Phenom,
PGA Text Pentium AM Series AM 1 to 4
Athlon & Sempron

PPGA Text Text A Series Socket A462 Duron & Athlon

FC-PGA Text Text FM Series FM 1 to 2 Trinity & Llano

WHY AMD?

AMD
Here are some reasons why Performance?
AMD is Better?
 SPECIFICATIONS of AMD

Over Clocking
Over Clocking is the process in which we consume more performance then the processor have. you can Simply
Over Clock the Performance of AMD Processor up to 4.2 GHz in the latest technology.

Graphics
AMD provide their processor an onboard GPU which provides Superior Graphics without GPU Unit. We can also
play Mid range Games and perform High end works like Video Rendering.

EVP (Enhanced Virus Protection)

AMD provides EVP in their processors which makes an anti malware protection from the viruses and protect
Microprocessor.
Gaming & Graphics Tasks

AMD is Better for Gaming and Media Production Works because it has full control of threats at a time. Which
makes High end performance

Cost
AMD is much cheaper then INTEL and also provides a good performance. If you have lower Budget go with AMD.
Why
How?
INTEL?

Why INTEL is the

Here are some
Biggest Brand of
reasons why INTEL
Microprocessors?
is Better
 SPECIFICATION of INTEL

Over Clocking
Over Clocking is the process in which we consume more performance then the processor have. you can Simply
Over Clock the Performance of INTEL Processor up to 4.4 GHz in the latest technology.

HYPERTHREADING
It is a technology developed by INTEL in which a single physical processor can works as two logical processors.

EDB (Execute Disable Bit)

INTEL provides EDB in their processors which makes a protection from the viruses and protect Microprocessor as
similar as AMD’s EVP.
Cores & Threats

INTEL gives 32 Threats of 14 nm technology and 12 Cores in their Latest processor which gives a better
experience to the user in multitasking. This is much more in comparing of AMD.

EIST (Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology)

EIST is a thermal based technology which enhance the microprocessor performance as per the requirement which
the users need while work. It can fluctuate performance according to needs just like low performance while office
works and high performance for gaming and high end purposes it prevents heat and remove load from processor
while we don’t need it.
 CONCLUSION
If you are using Laptop go with INTEL because AMD consumes a lots of power and also release a
lots of heat. So for Laptops INTEL is Ideal

If you are looking a Budget PC with a High end Performance go with AMD because it is much
cheaper then INTEL and also provide onboard Graphics Unit.

If you are a multitasker and runs multiple tasks at same time so, you can go with INTEL because
Intel provides more Threats and Cores then AMD which gives you a better Performance.

Both are comes with Virtualization & Turbo Boost Technology Inbuilt which helps to give more then
their ability and also runs two OS at a Time.

INTEL have much Better Service in INDIA in Comparing of AMD if you are Purchasing for Company
Purposes go with INTEL because In companies work load is too high where processors needs
maintenance time by time.
HEAT
SINK FOR
SOLUTION
OVERHEATING
When we use system it release a lots
of heat. To prevent and Release heat
we install Heatsink in our
Motherboard.
Types of Heatsinks :-
Active Heatsink :- Heatsink which have
Fan Installed is known as Active Heatsink

Passive Heatsink :- Heatsink which have

Fan Installed is known as Passive
Heatsink
Heatsink is attached with
Microprocessor with the contact of
Thermal Paste or Grease Which
extremely absorb heat from
microprocessor.
MOBILE PROCESSORS
Mobile Processors are similar as Laptop or Desktop
Processors but are smaller in size power and capacity.
They are specially designed for Portable Devices such as
Mobiles, tablet and Calculators etc. They don’t have
specs like Overclocking and Turbo Boost. They are
Designed for Simple Tasks like Messaging, watching
Video or Playing Games etc.

Most Common Processors of

Mobile Phones are :-
 Huawei Kirin
 Qualcomm Snapdragon
 Apple A series manufactured by. Samsung
 MediaTek Helio
 Samsung Exynos

Their Speed is depends upon the size of transistors.

The fastest mobile processor transistors size is 11nm
introduced by Apple A13
TYPES OF MEMORY
MEMORY

◦The memory of the computer

is divided into two
categories:
◦Primary Memory
◦Secondary Memory
PRIMARY MEMORY
MEMORY
◦Memory is required in computers to store data
and instructions.
◦Computer memory is any physical device capable
of storing information temporarily or permanently.
◦In computing memory refers to the physical
devices used to store programs or data on the
temporary or permanent basis for use in a
computer or other digital electronic device
PRIMRAY MEMORY
◦This is the main memory of the computer.
◦CPU can directly read or write on this memory.
It is fixed on the motherboard of the computer.
◦The main features of primary memory,
which distinguish it from secondary memory
are −
◦It is accessed directly by the processor
◦It is the fastest memory available
TYPES
OF
MEMOR
Y
ROM
◦Read only memory
◦Also known as firmware
◦Data stored in this memory cannot be modified.
◦Non-volatile memory
◦ROM usually stores the startup instructions
◦When computer is switched on , the first piece of instruction of a
program accessed by the CPU is BIOS which is a ROM pre-programmed
to start the computer operations
PROM
◦Programmable read-only memory or one-time
(PROM), programmable ROM (OTP),
◦Empty of data when the chip is manufactured,
◦can be programmed by the user.
◦Once programmed the data cannot be
erased.
EPROM

◦Erasable programmable read-only

memory (EPROM)
◦can be written to or programmed.
◦ can be erased
EEPROM

◦Electrically Erasable programmable read-only

memory (EEPROM)
◦Can be written to or programmed.
◦ can be erased with the help of electrical devices
◦So data can be easily modified
FLASH MEMORY

◦Non – volatile memory

◦Can be erase electronically & rewritten,
Similar to EEPROM
◦Most computer use flash memory to hold their
start-up instructions because it allows
computer easily to update its concern
RAM
◦RAM stands for Random
Access Memory.
◦It gets the word "random"
because information can be
accessed in non-sequential order.
◦Though the data itself is stored
together, it could be anywhere
in the "container" or amount of
RAM available.
RAM
◦RAM (Random Access Memory) is a type
of memory that computers use to store
data and software to which it needs to
access quickly.
◦It is a volatile memory, that is, the
information stored inside vanishes when the
computer is turned off
TYPES OF
RAM
◦SRAM
◦DRAM
SRAM
• Static RAM is a type of RAM that holds its data
without external refresh, for as long as power
is supplied to the circuit.
• This is contrasted to dynamic
RAM (DRAM), which must be refreshed many times
per second in order to hold its
data contents.
• SRAMs are used for a computer's cache memory
DRAM
• Dynamic RAM is the standard computer
memory of the vast majority of modern
desktop computers.
• It is a volatile memory that needs to
be refreshed with voltage regularly,
otherwise it loses the
information stored on it.
• Dynamic RAM is also referred to as DRAM.
Volatile means that it loses the information
stored on it as
CACHE MEMORY
◦Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is random access
memory that a
computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it
can access regular RAM.
◦This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU
chip or placed on a
separate chip that has a
separate bus interconnect with the CPU.
CACHE MEMORY
◦The basic purpose of cache memory is to
store program instructions that are frequently re-referenced
by software during operation.
◦Fast access to these instructions increases the overall speed of the
software program.
◦As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache
memory; if it finds the instructions there (from a previous reading
of data), it does not have to do a more time-consuming reading of
data from larger memory or other data storage devices.
CACHE MEMORY LEVELS
◦ Level 1 (L1) cache

◦ is extremely fast but relatively small, and is usually embedded in the processor
chip (CPU).
◦ Very small(8 KB to 128 KB)
◦ Level 2 (L2) cache
◦ External cache as it is external to processor chip
◦ in the motherboard or near the microprocessor
◦ Larger then l1(64KB to 16MB)
CACHE MEMORY LEVELS
◦Level 3 (L3) cache is typically specialized memory that works to
improve the performance of L1 and L2.
◦It can be significantly slower than L1 or L2, but is usually double the
speed of RAM.
◦ In the case of multi core processor, each core may have its own
dedicated L1 and L2 cache, but share a common L3 cache.
◦PC have up to 8 MB
◦But sever may have 8 MB to 24 MB
SYNCHRONOUS DRAM

◦SDRAM (synchronous DRAM) is a generic name for various kinds of

dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that are synchronized with
the clock speed that the microprocessor is optimized for.
◦SDRAM is available in DIMM(dual in line memory module)
◦Clock speed MHz()
SDRAM CLASSIFICATION

◦DDR SDRAM
◦DDR2
SDRAM
◦DDR3
SDRAM
◦DDR4
◦DDR SDRAM:
◦DDR SDRAM, also known as DDR1 SDRAM
◦gains its name from the fact that it is Double Data Rate SDRAM.
◦This type of SDRAM provides data transfer at twice the speed of the
traditional type of SDRAM memory. This is achieved by transferring
data twice per cycle.
◦DDR DIMMs have 184 pins

◦DDR2 SDRAM:
◦DDR2 is faster version of DDR memory
◦DDR2 DIMMs have 240 pins
◦Speed of data transfer 400Mhz to 1066Mhz
◦Power consumption & heat generation is less
◦DDR3 SDRAM:
◦DDR3 SDRAM is a further development of the
double data rate type of SDRAM.
◦It provides further improvements in
overall performance and speed.
◦DDR4 SDRAM: DDR4 SDRAM provides the
lower operating voltage (1.2V) and higher
transfer rate.
TYPES
OF
RAM
SD RAM
CLASSIFICATION
SD RAM MAXIMUM POWER DENSITY
I/O SPEED CONSUMPTIO
N
DDR 266 MBPS 2.5 V 128 MB

DDR2 400 MBPS 1.8 V 256 MB

DDR3 1066 MBPS 1.5 V 1024 MB

DDR4 2133 MBPS 1.2 V 2133 MB

SECONDARY MEMORY
 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS HARD DISK?

A HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and
retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters)
coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when
powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning
individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather
than sequentially. EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY MEMORY
 TYPES OF HDD
• SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) – 7 pins for
data 15 pins power 4 pins molex speed upto 600MBPS
SATA 1 - 150 MBPS
SATA 2 - 300 MBPS
SATA 3 - 600 MBPS
• IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) - 40 pins for data 4 pins for
Power 4 pins molex speed uto 133MBPS
ATAPI – I - 100MBPS
ATAPI – II - 133MBPS
 COMPONETS
1. DISK PLATTER
 The platter is made up of a magnetic material, in the flat disk part of the
drive.
 The data stored in the platter.
 Each set of magnetic particles is collection a unit called a bit.

2. STEPPER MOTOR
 Use stepper motors for controlling read/write head
position.
 Stepper motors usually use +12V power, but some new low-power
drives use +5V power source.
3. SPINDLE MOTOR

 It control the platter.

 This motor rotates at a speed of 3600 to 10,000 R.P.M
 All the platter moves in the same direction.

4 READ AND WRITE HEAD

 The heads read and write the information to the drive platter.
 The head writes magnetic information on the platter.
DISK STRUCTURE
TRACK
The HDD is divided into number of concentric circles called tracks. Circular path in sector is called
track.

SECTOR
Data storage area in one track multiple divided into the multiple block is called sector.
Each sector can have 512 bytes of the data.
FILE SYSTEM IN HDD
1.FAT (File Allocation Table)
 It’s not a security.
 Partition size is max 32GB.
 Does not support data compression.
 Does not support disk quota.

2.NTFS (New Technology File System)

 It’s a security.
 Partition size is 1 (Tera Bytes).
 It support data compression.
 It support disk quota.
 WHAT IS SOLID STATE DISK (SSD)?
A SOLID STATE DRIVE IS A STORAGE DEVICE USED AS SECONDARY
MEMORY IT DOESN’T HAVE PLATTER OR ROTATING PARTS IN IT. IT IS
MADE UP OF STORAGE ROM CHIPS. THAT’S WHY IT IS FASTER THEN
HDD AND ALSO EXPENSIVE IN COMPAIRING OF HDD
 WHAT OPTICAL DISK DRIVE (ODD)?
A OPTICAL DISK DRIVE IS A DEVICE USED TO INPUT DVD OR CD INTO
COMPUTER SYSTEM. IT USES LASER BEAM TO READ CD DVD. IT IS
ALSO KNOWN AS DVD WRITER THREE TYPES OF ODD
 WHAT COMPACT DISK(CD)?
A COMPACT DISK IS A STORAGE USED TO STORE DATA IN MAGNETIC
FORMS STORES 700MB OF DATA COMES IN READ, WRITE AND RE-
WRITE
 WHAT COMPACT DISK(DVD)?
A DIGITAL VERSATILE DISK IS A STORAGE USED TO STORE DATA IN
MAGNETIC FORMS STORES 4.7 GB IN SINGLE LAYER AND 9.4 GB IN
DUAL LAYER OF DATA COMES IN READ, WRITE AND RE-WRITE
 WHAT BLU-RAY DISK(BLU-RAY DISK)?
A BLU-RAY DISK IS A STORAGE USED TO STORE DATA IN MAGNETIC
FORMS STORES 25GB OF DATA IN SINGLE LAYER AND 50GB IN DUAL
LAYER COMES IN READ, WRITE AND RE-WRITE
 WHAT IS SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS)?
A SMPS IS A DEVICE USED TO INPUT POWER TO ALL COMPONENTS OF
MOTHERBOARD IT CONTAINS DIFFERENT COLORS WIRES HAVING
DIFFERENT VOLTAGE FOR DIFFERENT COMPONENTS IN CPU
CABINET
 HOW SMPS WORKS
 CMOS BATTERY
• CMOS Battery is used to update Date & Time while the
system is off

• Stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semi Conductor

• Having Connection with RTC and Jumper Settings to RESET

BIOS
THIS IS A BIOS CHIP ON MOTHERBOARD
 BIOS
• Is a small ROM chip on the PC’s motherboard.
• A basic software program containing all BIOS
functions is permanently stored in the ROM.
• This software functions as a basic operating
system.
• Is responsible for starting the PC.
• This hardware is integrated with software is also
referred to as firmware.
 BIOS HISTORY
• Intel developed the 8086 and 8088 in the end of the 70s.

• IBM decided to make an affordable computer out of the

8088.

• Microsoft created the operating system (DOS).

FUNCTIONS OF THE BIOS
• When you first turn on your PC
• Your PC requires information
• to detect PC components
• To find the operating system(floppy disk, hard drive, or a CD-ROM)
• This information is stored in the BIOS
• Bootstrap loader loads Booting Files while Starting Computer
• Having 4 tests Start Test, Hard Drive Test, Memory Test & Battery Test
FLOW CHART OF BIOS FUNCTIONS
Turn on Computer

Pass through POST Error NO Output to Monitor

Free
YES

Plug’n’Play Pass through POST Error

Free

Test Boot Drive NO Pass through POST Error NO

Free
YES

Bootable media found

Pass through POST Error
Free

Load boot program

Start operating system

 POST
(POWER ON SELF TEST)
• Takes place right after you power on.
• Contains diagnostic routines for
• initializing the hardware and peripherals
• the video card, the main memory, the processor, the keyboard, etc.
• Checking their functions
• Error message on screen if an error is detected. If monitor cannot be
detected, the beep codes are output by the system loud speaker.
 BIOS UPDATING

• The BIOS is manufactured on FLASH technology. It is easily

updated.
• Previous versions of BIOS were developed on ROM, EPROM ,
and EEPROM chips.
• UPDATE BIOS using Windows executable file or Bootable
USB stick
 TYPES OF BIOS
Legacy BIOS
• Character user Interface
• Works only keyboard
• Don’t show large storage devices
UEFI BIOS
• Graphical user Interface
• Works Keyboard & Mouse
• Show large storage devices
LEGACY BIOS
UEFI BIOS
 BSOD
A stop error, commonly called the blue screen of death, blue
screen, or BSoD, is an error screen displayed on a Windows
computer system following a fatal system error. It indicates a
system crash, in which the operating system has reached a
condition where it can no longer operate safely
 TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR
MICROPROCESSOR
1. AMD
2. INTEL
3. NVIDIA
4. ZILOG
5. MOTOROLA
TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR HARD DISK
DRIVE
1. SEAGATE
2. WESTERN DIGITAL WB
3. TOSHIBA
 TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR
MOTHERBOARD
1. GIGABYTE
2. ASUS
3. ASRock
4. MSI
5. BIOStar

TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR RAM MEMORY

1. CORSAIR
2. KINGSTON
3. TRANSCEND
 TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR MONITORS
1. SAMSUNG
2. BENQ
3. DELL
4. HP
5. LG

TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR UPS

1. MISCROTEK
2. OKAYA
3. LUMINOUS
 TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR MOUSE
1. HP
2. DELL
3. LOGITECH
4. MICROSOFT
5. TECHNET

TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR KEYBOARD

1. QHMPL
2. LOGITECH
3. TVS
 TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR DVD WRITER
1. HP
2. LG
3. LOGITECH
4. PANASONIC
5. SONY

TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR SCANNER

1. EPSON
2. CANON
3. FUJITSU
 TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR PRINTER
1. HP
2. CANON
3. EPSON
4. BROTHER
5. FUJITSU

TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR SPEAKERS

1. INTEX
2. JBL
3. LOGITECH
 TOP BRANDS AND MANUFACTURERS FOR LAPTOPS
1. HP
2. DELL
3. MSI
4. ASUS
5. MICROSOFT
6. ACER
7. SAMSUNG
8. APPLE
9. LENOVO
10.TOSHIBA
THANKYO
U
I hope you may be
Concerned from this
video Thanks to listen
me carefully. Have a
~Adarsh Tomar
nice day to all of you!

Email :-
cyberwarriorchannel@gmail.com