Methods in a

Nutshell
Grammar-Translation Method
• Translation
• Use of cognates
• Word lists
• Isolated vocabulary teaching
• Deductive teaching
• Teacher is the authority
• Sentence completion
• Fill-in-the-blanks
The Direct Method
• L1 not allowed
• Inductive teaching
• Pictures, realia, example sentences
• Question & answer
• Self correction
• Dictation and drawing
• Speaking and listening emphasized
• Situational & Topical syllabus
The Audio-Lingual Method
• L1 not allowed
• Habit formation (behaviorism)
• Natural order of skills
• Perfect pronunciation
• Drills and repetitions (rote learning)
• Dialogues
• Teacher – orchestra leader
• Students – imitators
• Immediate error correction
The Silent Way
• Cognitivism (mental process of learning)
• Language is rule formation.
• Each language is unique.
• Language is for self-expression.
• Teacher – silent / technician
• Students – explore the lang. / responsible for their learning
The Silent Way
• L1 for instructions.
• No formal tests.
• Self and peer correction
• Sound Color Charts (pronunciation)
• Color Rods (grammatical patterns)
• Fidel Charts (spelling association)
• Structured feedback
Desuggestopedia
• Authority – teacher is the source of knowledge

• Infantilization – teacher-student relation like that of

parent to child

• Double-planedness – environment as an important factor

for learning

• Intonation

• Rhythm

• Concert pseudo-passiveness
Desuggestopedia
• L1 can be used.

• Explicit grammar teaching

• Peripheral learning

• Dialogues + translations

• Students’ feelings – extremely important

• Lights, comfortable seats etc.

Community Language Learning
• Whole person learning

• Security is basic.

• Language is what you learn and share with others.

• Teacher stands behind / counsellor.

• L1 allowed

• Human computer

• Reflective listening

• Error correction – non-threatening

• Discrete point tests

• Students choose what to say in L2.

Total Physical Response
• Innate-bio program, brain lateralization, affective filter

• Silent period

• Language is primarily oral.

• Imperatives are crucial.

• Immediate objects
Total Physical Response
• Immediate objects

• Kinesthetic activities

• Role-reversal (students direct teacher/friends)

• L1 for introduction

• Stress should be reduced.

• Zany commands

• Major errors are corrected.

Communicative Approach
• Real-life communication

• Authentic materials

• Info-gap activities

• Communicative competence

• Using language appropriately

• Visuals, realia, context for vocab

Communicative Approach
• Functional/notional syllabus

• Communicative (integrated) tests

• Explicit form teaching

• Each form has a function.

Cooperative Language Learning
• Learning from each other

• Positive interdependence

• Group discussions

• Teachers not only teach the language; they cooperation as

well.

• Responsibility and accountability

Learning Strategy Training
• Learning how to learn

• Learner autonomy

• Learner’s prior knowledge is important.

• Teacher teaches how to learn.

• Studying strategies is essential.

• Self-assessment
Lexical Approach
• Collocations

• Lexicalized grammar

• Sentence frames

• Chunks

• Decontextualized vocabulary learning

Task-Based Language Teaching
• Doing something using the language

• Real-life tasks (making a reservation, booking a ticket etc.)

• Sub-branch of Communicative Approach

• No prior language focus

• Task-based syllabus

• Focus on form

• Recasts for error correction

• Opinion, reasoning, information-gap tasks

Content-Based Instruction
• Also known as CLIL

• Mastering both content and language

• Scaffolding

• Subjects are taught in L2.

• No preset explicit grammar point

• Language is a tool to subject matter.

Participatory Approach
• Language is a tool for active and equal participation in
society.

• Social problems incorporated into lessons.

• Correctness of form

• Self correction

• Dialoguing

• Problem posing
Natural Approach
• Input +1

• Comprehensible input

• Affective filter

• Monitor

• Accuracy not fluency

• Natural order of skills

• Acquisition vs. learning

Multiple Intelligences
• Linguistic intelligence: word smart

• Logical/mathematical intelligence: number/reasoning

smart

• Visual/spatial intelligence: picture smart

• Bodily/ kinesthetic intelligence: body smart

• Musical intelligence: music smart

• Interpersonal intelligence: people smart

• Intrapersonal intelligence: self smart

Eclecticism
• No best method!

• Teachers use a variety of techniques and activities.

• Learners’ needs differ from one context to another.

• A mixture of methodologies and approaches

Which of the following does not promote tolerance
towards learner errors?

A) Communicative Language Teaching

B) The Grammar-Translation Method

C) Task-based Language Teaching

D) The Silent Way

E) Community Language Learning

• Classroom instruction is conducted exclusively in the target language. The
native language should not be used in the classroom.
• Oral communication skills are given priority, and they are built up in a
carefully graded progression organized around question-and-answer
exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.
• Vocabulary is taught through the use of demonstration, realia, and visual
aids.
• Grammar is taught inductively. An explicit grammar rule may never be given

Which of the following methods embraces the given principles above?

A) The Direct Method
B) Desuggestopedia
C) The Grammar-Translation Method
D) Total Physical Response
E) Community Language Learning
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• New material is presented through dialogues.
• Vocabulary is limited and is introduced within a context.
• Mastering good pronunciation is emphasized from the beginning.
• Grammar points are taught through examples and drills.

Which of the following methods has the principles listed above?

A) The Grammar-Translation Method

B) The Direct Method
C) Total Physical Response
D) The Audio-lingual method
E) Communicative Language Teaching

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Which of the following is not among the roles of a teacher who adopts the
Audio-Lingual Method?

A) The teacher is like an orchestra leader, directing and controlling the language
behavior of his or her students.

B) The teacher is responsible for providing his or her students with a good model
for imitation.

C) The teacher helps his or her students to learn to use the target language
automatically by forming new habits in the target language.

D) The teacher gives priority to oral/aural skills, and pronunciation is taught from
the beginning.

E) The teacher acts as a mediator, answering students’ questions and monitoring

their performance.
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Methods Materials & Techniques
X Sound-Colour Charts, Word Charts, Fidel Charts, Self-Correction Gestures,
Structured Feedback

Y Reflective Listening, Small Group Tasks, Recording Students' Conversation,

Transcription

Which of the following completes the table correctly?

X
Y

A) The Silent Way Task-based Language Teaching

B) Desuggestopedia Community Language Learning
C) The Silent Way Content-based Instruction
D) The Silent Way Community Language Learning
E) Desuggestopedia Task-based Language Teaching

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The use of authentic language is prioritized as in real situations. Also, since one
function can be achieved through several different linguistic forms, a variety of
linguistic forms should be introduced. Teaching learners to form grammatically
correct sentences is not enough; learners also need to be able to use the language
appropriately in a variety of settings and situations. The primary aim is to develop
learners' ability to participate effectively in conversation.

Which of the following is described based on the given principles?

A) The Audio-Lingual Method

B) Desuggestopedia

C) Community Language Learning

D) Communicative Language Teaching

E) The Direct Method 28

In —, students' success is often measured in terms of their ability to
do something with a language, such as creating a school newspaper,
rather than their accuracy in using certain grammatical features.

Choose the option that completes the sentence.

A) the Audio-Lingual Method

B) the Task-based Language Teaching

C) the Direct Method

D) the Grammar-Translation Method

E) the Silent Way

The learners should be given the opportunity to establish links to real world by
facilitating the use of an everyday discourse and engaging them in an activity
that might easily occur outside the classroom, such as making a phone call to
reserve a train ticket or sending an e-mail to a company to get detailed
information about a certain product.

Which of the following is associated with the given principle?

A) Community Language Learning

B) Task-based Language Teaching

C) The Direct Method

D) Total Physical Response

E) The Grammar-Translation Method

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Which of the following principles cannot be associated with Task-based Language
Teaching?

A) The use of complex and lengthy activities like problem-solving and decision-making
is highly promoted.

B) The target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose in order to
achieve an outcome in a particular situation.

C) There is some sort of relationship to corresponding real-world activities, such as

planning an itinerary for a trip.

D) The primary role of the students is to communicate with the teacher, who is the
authority in the classroom, as effectively as possible to complete a task.

E) Language learning progresses most successfully if teaching aims to create authentic

contexts where learners are encouraged to use the target language.
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It involves using the foreign language as a tool in learning a subject
matter that has an academic connection with or contribution to the
learning of that language. Syllabuses are organized around subjects (e.g.,
history or science) in addition to, or as a means to, learning the language.

Which of the following language teaching methods is described above?

A) Communicative Approach

B) Community Language Learning

C) Content and Language Integrated Learning

D) Cooperative Language Learning

E) Cognitive Approach

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Most language teachers currently tend to take on --- to language teaching
partly because of the many conflicting opinions among theorists, and partly
because of the need for building up a personalized teaching methodology
that may serve different learners with different needs and abilities.

Choose the alternative which best completes the given sentence.

A) the lexical approach

B) the communicative approach

C) the eclectic approach

D) the cognitive approach

E) the holistic approach

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