b) DC Machines

Electric Machine
Rotating electric machines can be used as motors and
generators
Electric motor and generators are rotating energy-
transfer electromechanical motion devices
Electric motors convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy
Generators convert mechanical energy to electrical
energy
 Electric Machine
Electric machines can be divided into 2 types:
 AC machines
 DC machines

All Electric machines have:

 Stationary members (stator)
 rotating members (rotor)

 Air gap which is separating stator and rotor

 DC machine Construction

 The stator of the DC motor has

poles, which are excited by DC Field
current through field winding to
produce magnetic fields. Rotor

 The rotor has a ring-shaped

laminated iron-core with slots.
 Coils with several turns are placed in N S
the slots called armature winding.
 Voltage in armature winding is
applied / delivered to external circuit
through commutator and brush
assembly Stator with
Brush with poles
 N
Rotor
+ If

Vf If

- Stator
If
S
D. C. Generator

Principle of Operation
Input: Rotational or Mechanical
Energy
Output: aElectrical
When Energy
conductor rotates in a
magnetic field produced by poles,
dynamical
ly
induced e.m.f is produced
in it according to Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction
Voltage induced in the armature winding is alternating in
nature

The armature winding is connected to rotating

commutator which rectifies the induced voltage to
unidirectional voltage (but pulsating)

The brushes which are connected to the armature

winding, ride on commutator collect the current from the
commutator and deliver it to the external load circuit
Generated EMF
Let
φ Flux/Pole in Wb
Z Total No. of Armature Conductors
 No. of Slots No. of Conductors per Slot
P  No. of Generator poles
A  No. of Parallel Paths in Armature
N Armature rotation in rpm
E EMF induced in any parallel path in Armature

Generated EMF E g EMF generated in any one of the parallel paths i.e E
 dφ
Average EMF Generated/ Conductor  volt
dt
Now, Flux cut/conduc tor in 1 revolution, dφ φP Wb
No. of Revolutions/sec N/60
60
 Time for 1 revolution, dt  sec
N
Hence, according to Faraday’s Laws of electromagnetic induction,

dφ
EMF Generated/conductor  volt
dt
φP φPN
  volt
60/N 60
φZN  P 
Emf induced per parallel path E g    volt
60  A 
Types of D.C. Generators

According to the way in which

their fields are excited, generators
i)are classified
Separately excitedinto
D.C. :Generator
ii) Self- excited D.C. Generator
 Shunt connected
 Series connected
 Compound connected
i) Separately excited D.C. Generators are those whose field
magnets are energized from an independent source of D.C.
Current

If I
Brush
+
L
Eg Ra O V
A
Field Winding Eg D

-
Brush

Field connected to external source Eg = V + IaRa

ii) Self excited D.C. Generators are those whose field magnets are
energized from the induced voltage itself (Here residual
magnetism should be present and the connection should be such
that the flux produced by induced voltage aids the residual flux)

a) Shunt wound D.C. Generator

Ish I
+
Ia
Ra L
Shunt Field Ra O V
Eg A
Rsh Eg D

Rsh – Shunt Field Resistance

Eg = V + IaRa
Ra - Armature Resistance
b) Series wound D.C. Generator

Ia=Ise=I Rse

Series Field
+
L
Ra O V
Eg
Eg A
D

Rse – Series Field ResistanceEg = V + IaRa + IaRse

Ra - Armature Resistance
c) Compound wound D.C. Generator

I Ish I

Series Field Series Field

Ish Ia
L V Shunt Field L V
Ia O O
A Eg A
D D
Shunt Field Eg

Short Shunt Long Shunt

Shunt winding is parallel Shunt winding is parallel
only to armature winding to series combination of
armature winding and
Eg = V + IaRa + IRse series
Eg = Vfield
+ IaRa + IaRse
 D. C. Motor
Applications in rolling mills,
traction, overhead cranes
Principle of Operation
Input: Electrical Energy
Output :Mechanical Energy
When a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a mechanical force
whose direction is given by
Fleming’s left hand rule.
01/03/25
 Constructionally, D.C. Generator and D.C. motor have no basic
difference

When the coil is powered, a magnetic Armature is now rotating in the

field is generated around the armature. magnetic field and hence there
The left side of the armature is pushed will be an induced emf in the
away from the left magnet and drawn armature winding. The nature of
toward the right, causing rotation. When the induced emf is to appose the
the armature becomes horizontally cause producing it and hence
aligned, the commutator reverses the opposes the applied voltage
direction of current through the coil, which is the cause for rotation
reversing the magnetic field. The and hence called as the back
process then repeats. emf
01/03/25
Shunt motor
Ish I
+
Ia
Ra
Shunt Field V
Armature
Rsh Eb

E b V  I a R a

01/03/25
 Series Motor

Ia=Ise=I Rs
e
Series Field
+

Ra
V
Eb

E b V  I a R a  I a Rse

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Compound wound motor

Ish I
I

Series Field Series Field

Ia
Ish V
V Shunt Field L
L
O
Ia O
A
A Eg b
D
D
Shunt Field Eg b

Short Shunt Long Shunt

Shunt winding is parallel
Shunt winding is parallel
to series combination of
only to armature winding
armature winding and
series field
E b V  I a R a  IRse E b V  I a R a  I a Rse
 As the back emf is same as induced voltage in the case of
generators, the equation of back emf is same as the
generated voltage equation of a generator
φZN  P 
i. Eb    volt
e 60  A 

Eb  60 A 
or N  
  ZP 
E b V  I a Ra
N 
 
So we can vary the speed by varying either of these three
quantities and hence three types of speed control

V – Supply voltage control

IaRa – Armature voltage control
Φ – flux control

01/03/25
Applications of DC motor

Type of Characteristi Applications

Motor cs
Shunt Motor Approximately Centrifugal pumps
constant Machine tools
speed, medium Blowers and fans
torque Reciprocating
pumps
Series Motor Variable speed Traction work
High starting Electric
torque locomotives
Trolley, cars
Cranes and hoists
Conveyors
Compound Adjustable Elevators
(commulativ varying speed Heavy planers
e) Air compressors
Rollilng millls