NUTRITION IN

ANIMALS
Presented by Nur Al
Nisah
 PROCESSES OF NUTRITION
 Ingestion: It is the process of taking in food.
 Digestion: It is the breaking down of
complex food into simpler form with the
help of digestive juices formed inside the
body.
 Absorption: Digested food molecules are
absorbed by the walls of the intestine and
transport by the blood to all the parts of the
body.
 Assimilation: It is the utilization of the
absorbed food for obtaining energy and
growth.
 Egestion: It is the process of removal of
undigested solid part of food from the body.
 NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
Amoeba is a unicellular organism. It does not have distinct mouth or anus. In Amoeba,
the ingestion of food is carried out with the help of pseudopodia or the false feet. The
word “pseudopodia is derived from the word ‘pseudo’ means false and ‘podia’ means
foot. Amoeba lives underwater and feeds on microscopic organisms. When it comes
closer to any food particle, it extends parts of its body. These extensions are known as
pseudopodia which engulfs the food. The pseudopodia then joins to form a small cavity
calls food vacuole. Food is now trapped in the food vacuole. The enzymes secreted by
the cytoplasm digests the food. The food is then absorbed and assimilated to give
energy. The undigested part of the food is egested out of the body
 NUTRITION
Paramecium is a unicellular microorganism belonging to Phylum Protozoa. It
has cilia or fine hair like projections on its entire cell body. It is known as slipper-
animalcule as it looks like a slipper. It has two types of nuclei, macro nucleus
and micro nucleus. The cilia help the microorganism in movement and nutrition.
On the one side of cell it has a groove which is covered with cilia. This shallow
ciliated groove is the feeding apparatus of the paramecium. This tube extends
into the cell body with its esophageal fibres to the posterior end of the cell body.
The outer part is called the vestibulum and the inner part is like pharynx or
gullet. It lives in water and as it swims by beating it cilia it comes across food.
The food maybe bacteria, yeast or algae
 HOW A PARAMECIUM CATCHES ITS FOOD
 The beating of the cilia helps the paramecium to move.
 Its main food is algae or yeast.
 While moving, if it bumps into any of these then then
the cilia begins to beat faster and drives the food into
the groove and finally into its gullet or pharynx along
with some water.
 When it reaches the end of the gullet it is pinched off
and forms a food vacuole with water surrounding it.
 The food vacuole travels all around the cell. As it travels
the food vacuole becomes smaller and smaller and
more acidic, as the food in it is getting digested by the
enzymes secreted by the lysosomes.
 The digested food is absorbed by the membrane
surrounding the food vacuole and goes in various
organs of the other cell functions.
 The undigested food is excreted out of the body at the
anal pore.
 NUTRITION IN HYDRA
Hydra is a simple multicellular organism. It lives in water and feeds on small
aquatic animals such as water flees and larvae of worms. When a prey
approaches, hydra captures it with the help of its tentacles and passes
through mouth into the body cavity. There are special cells called sting cells
in the tentacles which paralyze the prey. It is then taken inside the body
cavity through the mouth. The cells of the body walls produce enzymes which
digest the food inside the body cavity. The digested food is then absorbed by
the body walls and assimilated in he cells. The undigested food is secreted
out of the body.
 NUTRITION IN FROG
A frog has an extensible long sticky tongue. It uses its long
sticky tongue to catch its prey. It can flip the tongue out to
catch an insect resting on a leaf or even in flight. The food of a
frog is mainly worms, slugs, beetles and other insects.
The frog normally keeps the tongue rolled up as a tape inside
the mouth. When the frog spots a prey, it shoots out the sticky
tongue at the prey and quickly withdraws the tongue into the
mouth with the prey trapped in it. Frogs have a well developed
digestive system. The prey is then completely digested with
the help of digestive juices in the system.
 NUTRITION IN INSECTS
Insects have different types of mouth parts to take in food.
Mosquitoes have piercing and sucking type of mouth part. They pierce
the skin with their sharp needle like mouth part called proboscis and then
suck up the blood.
A housefly has sponging type of mouth parts. Usually, they feed on liquid
food. The sponging action of these fleshy mouth part helps the insect to
pick up the liquid food. When the housefly has to feed on solid food, it pours
saliva on the food to convert it into liquid form. The insect then is able to
suck it up easily.
A butterfly also has a long feeding tube called proboscis to suck the
nectar from flowers. When the butterfly does not feed, the tube is coiled up
beneath the head. It straightens up the tube to sip the nectar just like straw.
NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS
The food is taken in by human beings in the
complex form which needs to be broken down
into a simpler form to be used by the body. This
process of conversion of food into simpler soluble
form is called digestion. A number of organs
present in the body are involved in the digestion
and absorption of food. These organs together
constitute the digestive system or the
alimentary canal. The alimentary canal begins
from mouth and ends at the anus. There are
several other organs in alimentary canal such as
oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum that ends at the anus. It also
contains certain glands known as digestive
glands which help in digestion. For example,
salivary glands, liver and pancreas.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OR ALIMENTARY CANAL
 Human beings take food through the
mouth. The digestion of food starts
inside the mouth when we chew it. The
teeth in the mouth break down the food
mechanically into smaller pieces. These M
smaller pieces of food mix with the
saliva which is secreted by the salivary
O
glands. This process is called U
mastication. The three pairs of T
salivary glands are found in the mouth H
that produce saliva which moisten the
food so that it can be swallowed easily.
Saliva contains an enzyme, salivary
amylase which breaks down the starch
 TEETH
 In total lifespan, human beings bear  Incisors: They are chisel
two sets of teeth.
 They are primary sets of teeth and
shaped teeth found in the
permanent sets of teeth. front o the mouth. Incisors
 Children around the age of five have 20 are mainly used for biting
teeth which are known as baby teeth,
milk teeth or primary teeth, 10 of and cutting.
them in each jaw  Canines: They are very
 This sets consists of three kinds of
teeth; incisors, canines and molars. sharp edged teeth that
 Each jaw has 4 incisors, 2 canines and 4 help in tearing pieces of
molars. food.
 The teeth fall off as the child turns 6
years old and are replaced by
 Premolars: These are
permanent teeth. found at the back of the
 In the permanent set of teeth, there are
32 teeth, 16 in each jaw.
mouth. They are broad
 They are larger than the primary teeth and have flat surface,
and consist of four kind of teeth. mainly used for crushing
 Each jaw has 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 and grinding of food
premolars and 6 molars
 The teeth are covered with a white
 Molar: Like premolars,
substance called enamel. It is the molars are used to crush
hardest substance found in the body
and grind the food. They
Teeth in Human Beings Types of Teeth
PRIMARY AND PERMANENT
TEETH

Primary Teeth Permanent Teeth

 The tongue is a fleshy
muscular organ present
TONGUE
in the mouth cavity.
 It has taste buds which
can identify four
different tastes which
are sweet, bitter, salty
and sour
 It helps the food to mix
with the saliva during
chewing, and then to
swallow it.
 The tongue pushes the
food, around while you
chew it with youth teeth.
 When you are ready to
swallow, the tongue
pushes a tiny bit of the
mashed-up food
 OESOPHAGUS
 Oesophagus or the
food pipe is a small
tube that joins the
mouth with the
stomach.
 The food which is turned
into a paste is pushed
into the stomach by
repeated contraction
and expansion of the
muscles of the wall of
the oesophagus. This
movement is called
peristaltic movement
 STOMACH
 In humans the stomach is a ‘J’ shaped muscular, bag-
like structure.
 It produces mucous, digestive juices and
hydrochloric acid {HCL} which facilitate digestion.
 The mucous takes care of the inner lining of the
stomach.
 The digestive juices break down proteins into amino
acid.
 The hydrochloric acid kills germs present in the food
and also take part in the digestion of proteins.
 The food in the stomach remains for a few minutes of
for a few hours depending on the type of food
consumed.
 Contractions of the stomach take place rhythmically
that churns the food with the digestive juices till it
becomes semi-fluid called chyme.
 Then this chyme moves into the small intestine where
PICTURE OF STOMACH
 SMALL INTESTINE
The food or the chyme reaches the upper part of the small
intestine called duodenum by the peristalsis movement
of the stomach. Here two digestive glands; pancreas
and liver release their secretions. The liver produces bile
which is temporarily stored in a pouch called gall
bladder. The bile helps in the digestion of fats. Pancreas
produce pancreatic juice. The small intestine also
secretes several digestive juices through the walls. The
absorption of nutrients is the main function. The food is
passed from the duodenum to the lower part of the
intestine called ileum. A number of finger-like projections
called villi {singular-villus} are present in the
jejuneum, ileum and duodenum. They increase the area
of absorption. There are a fine network of blood
capillaries in each villus. The digested food is absorbed
by the villi and is passed on o the circulatory system so
that it can be transported to different parts of the body.
Now, it can be used to provide energy for growth and
development.
 LARGE INTESTINE
 Large intestine is about 1.5
metre long.
 It absorbs the mineral and
water from the undigested
food.
 The semisolid undigested
food called faeces is passed
to the rectum where it is
stored till it is excreted
 DID YOU KNOW
 Even before you eat, when you
smell, see or think about a tasty
food, digestion begins. Saliva begins
to form in your mouth, your
digestive system starts working
even before you take the first bite.
 In humans, food can remain up for
four hours in the small intestine.
 Small intestine is longer than the
large intestine. The small intestine
is smaller in diameter but it is about
7 metre long.
 THANK
YOU
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