The Cell Theory

General Biology 1
Ericko P. Alegria, LPT
The Cell Theory

 What is cell?
 The cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. It
is the smallest structure that is able to carry out
the basic functions of life.
The Cell Theory

 Robert Hooke
 In 1665, he was able
to observe in a piece
of cork specimen
structures which
appears as tiny
compartments
similar to small
rooms that are fitted
to each other.
The Cell Theory

 Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
 In 1676, published
his observations on
tiny living organisms
which he named
animalcules.
The Cell Theory

 Mid-19th century
 Traditionallybelief on the theory of spontaneous
generation which supposed that living things may
arise from non-living matter.
 Louis Pasteur’s experiment disproved that
theory.
The Cell Theory

 Robert Brown
 In 1831, he was able
to compare diverse
kinds of plant
specimens
 They are all
composed of cell,
and inside the cell is
a dark dense spot
called nucleus.
The Cell Theory

 Matthias Schleiden
 In 1838, he
concluded that all
plant parts are made
of cells.
The Cell Theory

 Theodore Schwann
 In 1839, he stated
that all animal
tissues are
composed of cells.
The Cell theory

 Rudolf Virchow
 In1858, he
concluded that all
cells come from pre-
existing cells.
The Cell Theory

 The Cell Theory is universal for all living things, no

matter how simple or complex, tiny or huge it is.
 This theory can be summed up into three basic
components:
 1.
All living organisms are composed of one or
more cells.
 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
things.
 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cell Organelles
General Biology 1
Ericko P. Alegria, LPT
Cell Organelles

 A cell is made up of
Organelles (mini
organs), structures with
a membrane that
performs a variety of
functions such protein
production, storage of
materials, harvesting
energy and digestion of
substance, and among
others.
Cell Organelles

 Cell Membrane
 Itconsists of a
bilayer of
phospholipid with
integral (embedded)
and peripheral
(attached) proteins,
as well as enzymes,
receptor proteins,
and glycoproteins.
Cell Organelles

 Cell Membrane
 Lipid molecules can
move literally across
the membrane
together with the
irregularity arranged
proteins (mosaic),
therefore referred to
as Fluid Mosaic.
Cell Organelles

 Cytoplasm
 Composed of water
with dissolved
substances such as
salt and protein.
 Itis responsible for
the fluid nature of
the cell’s internal
environment and
that which allows the
organelles to
suspend
Cell Organelle

 Nucleus
 The control center of
the cell.
 Itis enclosed in a
double membrane
which selectively
permits certain
materials or
compounds to exit.
Cell Organelles

 Chromatin Strand
A long strand of DNA
molecule is present
which wounds
around histone
proteins to form
helical structure.
Cell Organelles

 Nucleolus
 Itis where the
subunits of the
ribosome are
assembled and
include the synthesis
and maturation of
ribosomal RNA for
release in the
cytoplasm where
protein synthesis
occurs.
Cell Organelles

 Endomembrane System
 It consists of membranes and organelles that
work together to modify, package, and transport
lipids and proteins.
Cell Organelles

 Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)
 Itis a membranous
system of
interconnected
tubules which served
as the transport
system of the cell.
Cell Organelles

 Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)
 Itis composed of
two types based on
the presence or
absence of attached
ribosomes:
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Rough
ER)
Smooth
Cell Organelles

 Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Rough ER)
 Itappears grainy in
structure in the
electron micrograph,
thus name as rough.
 Itresponsible in the
production of
secretory proteins
such as
glycoproteins.
Cell Organelles
 Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Smooth ER)
 It lacks ribosomes on
its outer surface.
 Various metabolic
processes such as
metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipid
synthesis, and
detoxification of
drugs, chemicals,
and poisons are
performed in this
Cell Organelles

 Golgi Bodies (Golgi

Apparatus/Golgi
Complex)
 Itconsist of stacks or
piles of flattened sacs
called cisternae, which
functions in the
packaging, sorting,
and refining of
products that the cells
are making.
Cell Organelles

 Vacuole
 Itis one organelle
that is larger in
plants than in the
animal cells.
 Ithas the ability to
enlarge as plant cells
absorb water.
Cell Organelles

 Central Vacuole
(Tonoplast)
 Itserves as the main
compartment for
storing essential
organic and
inorganic
compounds.
 It is also a disposal
site for substances
that are needed by
the cell or that could
Cell Organelles

 Lysosome
 Itis an exclusive
organelle for animal
cells which carries out
intracellular digestion.
 Itcontains hydrolytic
enzymes that are used
to digest all kinds of
macromolecules.
Cell Organelles

 Mitochondrion (pl.
Mitochondia)
 Itis the powerhouse
of the cell where
cellular respiration
takes place.
 Adenosine
Triphosphate (ATP) is
the usable form of
energy for the cell to
perform its
functions.
Cell Organelles

 Chloroplast
 Is only found in the
plant cell and other
photosynthetic
eukaryotic
organisms; it is the
site for food
production.
Cell Organelles

 Cytoskeleton
 Itestablishes the
form cell and holds
the organelles in
place.
 Itis composed of the
following:
Microfilaments

Microtubules

Intermediate
filaments
Cell Organelles

 Microfilamets
 Made up of actin
molecules which fine
fibers of
approximately 7-8
nm diameter.
Cell Organelles

 Microtubules
 They are composed
of tubulin forming a
hollow cylinder of 25
nm in diameter.
Cell Organelles

 Intermediate filaments
 They are around 8-
10 nm that make it
“intermediate” in
size.
 They are rigid and
resist stretching.
Cell Types
General Biology 1
Ericko P. Alegria, LPT
Cell Types

 Two Types of Cells

 Prokaryotic Cells
 Eukaryotic Cells
 Derive from name:
 Eu means “true”
 Karyon means
“nucleus”
 Pro means “before”
Cell Types

 Prokaryotic Cells
 DNA is found in a region called nucleoid that has
no membrane.
 The posses cytoplasm.
A semi-rigid wall is present and membrane-bound
organelles with specialized functions are absent
 They are unicellular (single- celled) which include
the members of kingdom Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria
 Theyare microscopic ranging from 1-10 µm in
diameter.
Cell Types

 Eukaryotic Cells
 Chromosomes are enclosed inside the nucleus.
 They posses cytoplasm.
 They are bigger with 10-100 µm in diameter.
 Kingdom Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia are
the members of eukaryotic living things.