Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

National School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Department of Preparatory Classes

2nd Preparatory year

Fluid Mechanics
Part 4-Perfect Incompressible Fluids Dynamics
Dr. BELHOUCHAT Norel-Houda

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Fluid Mechanics, Dr. 1
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BELHOUCHAT N
Introduction:
Fluid dynamics (hydrodynamics) is the science that focuses on the behavior of fluids in motion. In this chapter,
we will study the motion of fluids while neglecting friction, meaning we will consider them as perfect (with zero
viscosity) and incompressible (with constant density).

We are interested in the fundamental equations that govern the dynamics of perfect incompressible fluids, which
are:

 The continuity equation (conservation of mass). ‘already done in part 3’.

 Bernoulli's equation (conservation of energy).

 Euler's Equation (conservation of momentum or movement quantity).

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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

Who is Daniel Bernoulli?

Daniel Bernoulli, a key figure in the renowned Bernoulli family. Alongside his uncle
Jakob, father Johann, and brother Nikolaus, he was one of the most prominent members of
this Swiss family.
Daniel Bernoulli was an inventive mathematician and physicist whose work laid the
foundation for many areas of mathematical physics. Best known for formulating
Bernoulli's Principle and the associated Bernoulli's Equation, his contributions to fluid
dynamics, statistics, and applied mathematics have had a lasting impact on science and
engineering. His precision and innovation earned him the Grand Prix of the Paris Academy
of Sciences ten times between 1725 and 1749, for contributions to oceanography, (February 8, 1700
– March 17, 1782)
magnetism, optics, and more.
Read more here: 42. DANIEL BERNOULLI – SAPAVIVA

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 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

4.1.1. Bernoulli's equation in case of a flow without work exchange

• Consider the same pipe used is continuty equation with the folowing assumptions:

 The fluid is perfect and incompressible;

S1
 The flow is steady; 𝑮𝟏 S’ 𝒛𝟏
 The flow is in a perfectly smooth pipe. 1

M
• Let us consider a vertical axis directed upwards, with , and 𝐺 𝒛
representing the altitudes of the centres of gravity of the
masses ​, ​and respectively.
S2
𝐺2 S’2 𝒛𝟐
• Let and represent the magnitudes of the pressure forces
acting on the fluid at sections and ​.

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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

4.1.1. Bernoulli's equation in case of a flow without work exchange

• At time t, the fluid located between S1 et S2 has a mass: dm1+ M​,
and its mechanical energy is:
𝑺𝟐
𝟏 𝒅𝒎 . 𝒗 𝟐❑ S1
𝑬 𝒎𝒆𝒄= 𝑬 𝒑𝒐𝒕 + 𝑬 𝒄𝒊𝒏 =( 𝒅𝒎𝟏 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟏+ 𝑴 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 ) + 𝒅𝒎𝟏 . 𝒗 𝟏 +∫
𝟐
𝟐 𝑺
𝟐 ′
𝟏
𝑮𝟏 S’ 𝒛𝟏
1
• At time t’ = t + dt, the fluid between S’1 et S’2 has a mass: dm2+ M
and its mechanical energy is: M
𝑺𝟐
𝐺 𝒛
𝒅𝒎 . 𝒗 𝟐❑ 𝟏
𝑬 ′ 𝒎𝒆𝒄 =𝑬 ′ 𝒑𝒐𝒕 + 𝑬 ′ 𝒄𝒊𝒏 = ( 𝑴 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 + 𝒅𝒎𝟐 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟐 ) +∫
𝟐
+ 𝒅𝒎𝟐 . 𝒗 𝟐
′
𝑺𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
S2
• We apply the mechanical energy theorem to the fluid between 𝑡 𝐺2 S’2 𝒛𝟐
and 𝑡′: "The change in mechanical energy is equal to the sum of
the work done by external forces ".
𝑬 ′ 𝒎𝒆𝒄 − 𝑬 𝒎𝒆𝒄 =− 𝑾 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 = 𝑭 𝟏 . 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝑭 𝟐 . 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑷
𝑬 ′ 𝒎𝒆𝒄 − 𝑬 𝒎𝒆𝒄 =𝑷 𝟏 . 𝑺𝟏 . 𝒅𝒙𝟏 − 𝑷 𝟐 . 𝑺𝟐 . 𝒅𝒙 𝟐=𝑷 𝟏 . 𝒅𝑽 𝟏 − 𝑷 𝟐 . 𝒅 𝑽 𝟐= 𝒅𝒎𝟏 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒎𝟐
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 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

4.1.1. Bernoulli's equation in case of a flow without work exchange

• By simplifying, we obtain:
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
( 𝒅𝒎𝟐 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟐 ) + 𝒅𝒎𝟐 . 𝒗 𝟐 − ( 𝒅𝒎 𝟏 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟏 ) − 𝒅𝒎𝟏 . 𝒗 𝟏= 𝒅𝒎𝟏 − 𝒅𝒎 𝟐 S1
𝟐 𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝝆𝟐
𝑮𝟏 S’ 𝒛𝟏
• By the conservation of mass: , and since the fluid is incompressible: , 1
we obtain:
M
𝒗 −𝒗
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷 𝟏
𝟏
𝐺 𝒛
+ + 𝐠 ( 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏 )=𝟎
𝟐 𝝆
• The unit of each term in the last relation is the joule per kilogram S2
(J/kg), which can be written as: 𝐺2 S’2 𝒛𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟐 𝑷 𝟐 𝒗 𝟏 𝑷𝟏
+ + 𝐠 . 𝒛 𝟐= + + 𝐠 . 𝒛𝟏
𝟐 𝝆 𝟐 𝝆

This is Bernoulli's equation in the case of a flow without work exchange.

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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

Example:
We consider a siphon with a diameter d=10 mm, supplied by a large tank
of gasoline relative to d, and open to the atmosphere. We assume that:
•The fluid is perfect.
•The fluid level in the reservoir changes slowly.
•The acceleration due to gravity g=9.81 m/ .
•The specific weight of gasoline is 6896 N/.
•The height difference H= − =2.5 m.

1. By applying Bernoulli’s theorem between points A and S, calculate the

flow velocity ​in the siphon.
2. Find the volumetric flow rate
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 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

1.By applying Bernoulli’s theorem between points A and S:

2. The volumetric flow rate

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 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

4.1.2. Bernoulli's equation in case of a flow with work exchange

• Let's revisit the diagram of the fluid stream with the
same notations and assumptions.
S1
• Additionally, we assume that a hydraulic machine 𝑮𝟏 𝒛𝟏
S’
(pump or turbine) is placed between sections and ​.
1

• Firstly, what is pump and turbine? M

𝐺 𝒛
Pump
S2
𝐺2 S’2 𝒛𝟐
Turbine

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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

Pump:

•Function: A pump adds energy to a fluid to increase its pressure,

velocity, or flow rate. It is used to move fluid from one location to
another, often against gravity or through a system with higher
pressure.

•How it works:
• A pump takes mechanical energy (typically from an electric
motor ) and uses it to push the fluid through the system.
• In a pump, the fluid enters at low pressure and leaves at
higher pressure. This added energy helps overcome resistance
(like friction or gravity).
o The work done by the pump is positive because it is adding energy
to the fluid.

•Example: A water pump in a pipe that increases the pressure of water

to push it through a building system.
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 4.1. Bernoulli's equation
Turbine :
•Function: A turbine extracts energy from the fluid to do
mechanical work, such as turning a generator to produce electricity.
It is used to convert the kinetic or pressure energy of a fluid into
mechanical energy.

•How it works:
• In a turbine, the fluid enters at high pressure or velocity
and expends its energy to rotate blades connected to a
shaft. This mechanical energy (rotation) can then be used to
generate power.
• The energy extracted from the fluid causes a decrease in
pressure and velocity of the fluid as it exits the turbine.
o The work done by the turbine is negative because it is taking
energy away from the fluid.

•Example: A hydroelectric dam turbine, where water flows from a

higher elevation, turns the turbine, and produces electricity.
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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation
4.1.2. Bernoulli's equation in case of a flow with work exchange
Hydraulic machine is characterized by a net power (Hydraulic power, fr: puissance) ​ exchanged with the fluid, an
absorbed power ​, and an efficiency η :
• The hydraulic or the net power (Pnet) supplied to the fluid by the pump is the product of the pressure increase and
the flow rate, measured in Watts,W (or J/s, which presents N.m/s or Pa./s):
=

• The pressure increase produced by the pump can be expressed in terms of the manometric head :

( 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 ) Therefore: 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕 =𝝆 𝒈 𝒉𝒎 𝑸𝑽
𝒉𝒎 =
𝝆𝒈

The overall efficiency of the pump-motor can be In case of turbine, the overall efficiency of the turbine
determined by dividing the output hydraulic power machine is determined by dividing the output
(Pnet) by the input electrical power or absorbed electrical power (Pa ) by the input hydraulic power
power (Pa), i.e.: (Pnet), i.e.:
𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂
𝜼𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (% ) 𝜼𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ( %)
𝑷𝒂 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕 12
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

4.1.2. Bernoulli's equation in case of a flow with work exchange

• Let us consider a vertical axis directed upwards, with , and
representing the altitudes of the centres of gravity of the
masses ​, ​and respectively. S1
𝑮𝟏 S’ 𝒛𝟏
1

• Let and represent the magnitudes of the pressure forces

M
acting on the fluid at sections and ​. 𝐺 𝒛
• Between the moments t and t′=(t+dt), the fluid has Pump
S2
exchanged a net work Wnet = Pnet.dt with the hydraulic
𝐺2 S’2 𝒛𝟐
machine.
 Wnet​ is assumed to be positive if it is a pump and Turbine
negative if it is a turbine.

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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

4.1.2. Bernoulli's equation in case of a flow with work exchange

• At time t, the fluid located between S1 et S2 has a mass: dm1+ M​,

and its mechanical energy is:
𝟏
𝑺
𝒅𝒎 . 𝒗 𝟐❑
𝟐 S1
𝑬 𝒎𝒆𝒄= 𝑬 𝒑𝒐𝒕 + 𝑬 𝒄𝒊𝒏 =( 𝒅𝒎𝟏 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟏+ 𝑴 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 ) + 𝒅𝒎𝟏 . 𝒗 𝟏 +∫ 𝑮𝟏 𝒛𝟏
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 ′
S’
𝑺 𝟏
1

• At time t’ = t + dt, the fluid between S’1 et S’2 has a mass: dm2+ M
M and its mechanical energy is: 𝐺 𝒛
𝑺𝟐
𝒅𝒎 . 𝒗 𝟐❑ 𝟏
𝑬 ′ 𝒎𝒆𝒄 =𝑬 ′ 𝒑𝒐𝒕 + 𝑬 ′ 𝒄𝒊𝒏 = ( 𝑴 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 + 𝒅𝒎𝟐 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟐 ) +∫ + 𝒅𝒎𝟐 . 𝒗 𝟐 Pump
𝟐

𝑺𝟏
′ 𝟐 𝟐 S2
𝐺2 S’2 𝒛𝟐
• We apply the mechanical energy theorem to the fluid between 𝑡
and 𝑡′: "The change in mechanical energy is equal to the sum of Turbine
the work done by external forces ". Considering this time the
work of the hydraulic machine
𝑬 ′ 𝒎𝒆𝒄 − 𝑬 𝒎𝒆𝒄 =−𝑾 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒔 +𝑾 𝑷𝒖𝒎𝒑 = 𝑭 𝟏 . 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 − 𝑭 𝟐 . 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕 . 𝒅𝒕
Or:
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 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

4.1.2. Bernoulli's equation in case of a flow with work exchange

𝑬 ′ 𝒎𝒆𝒄 − 𝑬 𝒎𝒆𝒄 =𝑷 𝟏 . 𝑺𝟏 . 𝒅𝒙𝟏 − 𝑷 𝟐 . 𝑺𝟐 . 𝒅𝒙 𝟐+ 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕 . 𝒅𝒕=𝑷 𝟏 . 𝒅𝑽 𝟏 − 𝑷 𝟐 . 𝒅𝑽 𝟐 + 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕 . 𝒅𝒕

• By simplifying, we obtain: S1
𝑮𝟏 S’ 𝒛𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐
( 𝒅𝒎𝟐 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟐 ) + 𝒅𝒎𝟐 . 𝒗 𝟐 − ( 𝒅𝒎 𝟏 . 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟏 ) + 𝒅𝒎𝟏 . 𝒗 𝟏= 𝒅𝒎𝟏 − 𝒅𝒎𝟐+ 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕 . 𝒅𝒕 1
𝟐 𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝝆𝟐
M
• By the conservation of mass: , and since the fluid is incompressible: , we 𝐺 𝒛
obtain:
𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝒗𝟏
𝟐
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 Pump𝒅𝒕
( 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟐 ) + 𝟐 − ( 𝒈 . 𝒛 𝟏 ) + 𝟐 = 𝝆 − 𝝆 + 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒅 𝒎 S2
𝟐 𝟐
𝐺2 S’2 𝒛𝟐
𝒗 −𝒗
𝟐 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷 𝟏
𝟏 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕
+ + 𝐠 ( 𝒛 𝟐 − 𝒛 𝟏 )= Turbine
𝟐 𝝆 𝑸𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
𝒗𝟐 𝑷 𝟐 𝒗 𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝑷 𝒏𝒆𝒕
+ + 𝐠 . 𝒛 𝟐= + + 𝐠 . 𝒛𝟏 +
𝟐 𝝆 𝟐 𝝆 𝑸𝒎
This is Bernoulli's equation in the case of a flow with work exchange.
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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation
4.2. Applications of Bernoulli’s equation

4.2.1. Discharge of liquid through and spherical orifice (Torricelli's Theorem)

One of the simplest applications of Bernoulli’s theorem is the calculation of the drain velocity of a reservoir with a
free surface, through a small hole or orifice, where the area of the orifice is much smaller than the surface area of
the reservoir.

The determination of velocity in this case is gived

by Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), an Italian
physicist.

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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation
4.2. Applications of Bernoulli’s equation
• Consider two points 1 and 2 at the same level, Point 1 is inside the Patm

tank and point 2 at the end of orifice.

Jet of fluid
• The flow is steady, H is the vertical distance from the outlet (point
2) to the inlet cross-section (tank free surface). To derive the
1 2
velocity at which the fluid exits the tank, we apply Bernoulli’s
equation between points 1 and 2. Patm
2 2
𝑣2 𝑃2 𝑣1 𝑃1
+ + 𝑧 2= + +𝑧1
2𝑔 𝜌 𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 So, 2
But, 𝑣2
𝑣2
2
𝑃2 𝑣1 𝑃1
2 +0 =0 + 𝐻
+ = + 2𝑔
2𝑔 𝜌 𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌 𝑔
𝑣 2= √ 2 𝑔𝐻
Now, 𝑃 2 𝑃2
=𝐻 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0( 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝h𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
is very small in comparison to as area of tank is very large as This is theorecal velocity. Actual velocity will
compared to the area of the orifice be less that this value.
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 4.1. Bernoulli's equation
4.2. Applications of Bernoulli’s equation

4.2.2. Venturi tube

Giovanni Battista Venturi (Italian physicist, 1746–1822) was an Italian physicist. He discovered and formalized
the effect that bears his name. Two devices that utilize this effect are also named after him: the Venturi pump and
the Venturi tube.

An effective way to measure the flowrate through a pipe is to place some type of restriction within the pipe and
to measure the pressure difference between the low-velocity, high-pressure upstream section 1 and the high-
velocity, low-pressure downstream section 2. The commonly used type of flowmeters is the Venturi meter.

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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation

• Let the sections of an horizantal Venturi tube be labeled as

and , were is the larger section and is the throat (smaller
section).The pressures at these sections are and , respectively.
ℎ is the difference elevation.
• The fluid is incompressible and Perfect. The flow is steady
• By applying Bernoulli’s equation:

• The continuity equation relates the velocities and areas of the

two sections:

Now, substitute v2 into Bernoulli's equation:

By simplifying:
19
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation
From hydrostatic equation we have: 𝑃 1 − 𝑃 2=𝜌 𝑔h

Finally, taking the square root gives the velocity at section 1:

√
2 𝑔h
𝑣 1= 2
𝑆1
2
−1
𝑆2
Hence the flow rate :

√ √ √
2 𝑔h 2 𝑔h 2𝑔
𝑄 𝑣 =𝑆1 . 𝑣 1=𝑆1 . = = . √ h=𝐾 . √ h
2
𝑆1 1 1 1 1
−1 2
− 2 2
− 2
2
𝑆2 𝑆2 𝑆1 𝑆2 𝑆 1

This flow rate is considered a theoretical flow rate, as the fluid is assumed to be perfect. In real-world
applications, the fluid is not perfect. There are energy losses due to friction, turbulence, and other factors within the
Venturi tube. To account for these losses, the flow coefficient is introduced, which corrects the theoretical flow rate
to give the actual flow rate.
𝑸 𝒗 ′=𝑪 𝒅 . 𝑲 . √ h

​​,the discharge coefficient, is used to account for energy losses or deviations from ideal flow conditions.
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CHAT N
 4.1. Bernoulli's equation
4.2.3. Pitot tube
A Pitot tube is a device used to measure the velocity of a fluid by detecting
the difference between static and dynamic pressure. It was proposed in 1732
by the French physicist Henri Pitot.
Pitot tubes are widely used in aviation, meteorology, and fluid dynamics
applications.
It consists of a tube with two openings:
• one facing the flow to measure total pressure (static + dynamic)
• another perpendicular to the flow to measure static pressure.
The difference between these pressures is used to calculate the fluid's
velocity.

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CHAT N
By the application of Bernoulli’s equation between points A and B:

We have:

A B
So:

And finally:

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CHAT N
 4.2. Euler's Equation (conservation of momentum)

Who is Leonhard Euler?

Leonhard Euler was born on April 15, 1707, in Basel, Switzerland. He was a brilliant
mathematician and physicist, known for his contributions to various fields, including
graph theory, number theory, and mechanics. Euler made significant contributions to fluid
dynamics, developing the Euler equations that describe the motion of incompressible
fluids.
He studied at the University of Basel and later worked at the Petersburg Academy of
Sciences. Despite becoming blind later in life, he continued his research with the help of
his son. Euler passed away on September 18, 1783, leaving behind a lasting legacy in
mathematics and physics.
Read more here: 1. LEONHARD EULER – SAPAVIVA (April 15, 1707 –
September 18,
1783)

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CHAT N
 4.2. Euler's Equation (conservation of momentum)
Jet of fluid:
The fluid stream coming from nozzle with high velocity is known as fluid jet

Impact:
The action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another is known as
Nozzle
Impact
Impact of jet:
Impact of jet means force exerted by the fluid jet on a plate. The plate may be flat,
curved, or inclined which may be fixed or moving
Momentum:
is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a
magnitude and a direction. If m is an object's mass and v is its velocity, then the object's
momentum p is:

01/22/2025
P NSNN
= m.v Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOU 24
CHAT N
 4.2. Euler's Equation

The knowledge of the forces exerted by moving fluids is of considerable importance in the analysis and design
of objects such as pumps, turbines, airplanes, etc. The energy equation is not sufficient to solve most of these
problems. Euler's theorem results on the application of the momentum theorem to fluid flow:

"Conservation of momentum in fluid mechanics states that the rate of change of momentum of a fluid element is
equal to the sum of the external forces acting on that element. This principle is derived from Newton's Second Law
of Motion. To apply the conservation of momentum, the flow is assumed to be perfect, incompressible, and steady"

𝑑𝑃 𝑑 𝑑𝑣
∑ 𝐹 𝑒𝑥𝑡 = = ( 𝑚𝑣 )=𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Where 𝑑𝑚 is the mass of the fluid contained within the envelope bounded by and .
𝑑𝑚
𝑄
The mass flow rate is given by: 𝑚 =
𝑑𝑡

Therefore, Euler's theorem is written as:

∑ 𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡=𝑄𝑚 𝑑𝑣=𝑄𝑚 (¿𝑣2−𝑣1)=𝜌𝑄𝑉 (𝑣 ¿¿2−𝑣1)¿¿ 25
 4.2. Euler's Equation

Application: Force exerted on an obstacle by a fluid jet

We have a symmetric obstacle with respect to the z-axis. A fluid jet with mass flow
rate , velocity ​, and direction parallel to the z-axis in front the obstacle. The fluid is
then deflected by an angle β and leaves the obstacle at velocity ​, with its direction
making an angle β with the z-axis.

• The momentum of the fluid at the entrance of the obstacle is: ​directed along the z-axis.
• The momentum of the fluid at the exit of the obstacle is: ​also directed along the z-axis.
• The force of obstacle opposing the fluid jet is equal to the change in momentum:

• The force F exerted on the obstacle by the fluid jet of flow in the z-direction is equal and opposite to this:

01/22/2025 NSNN Fluid Mechanics, Dr. BELHOU 26

CHAT N