WHAT IS IOT?

•IoT makes once "dumb" devices "smarter" by giving them the ability to send data over the
internet, allowing the device to communicate with people and other IoT-enabled things .
 In broadest sense, the term IoT encompasses everything connected to the Internet, but it is
increasingly being used to define objects that “talk” to each other. “Simply, the Internet of
Things is made up of devices-from simple sensors to smartphones and wearable connected
together.”
•The term IoT, or Internet of Things, refers to the collective network of connected devices
and the technology that facilitates communication between devices and the cloud, as well as
between the devices themselves.

•The IoT brings the power of the internet, data processing and analytics to the real world of
physical objects. For consumers, this means interacting with the global information
network without the intermediary of a keyboard and screen; many of their everyday objects
and appliances can take instructions from that network with minimal human intervention.
 With more than 15 billion connected IoT devices today, experts are expecting this
number to grow to 22 billion by 2025. These devices range from ordinary household
objects to sophisticated industrial tools.
 HOW DOES IOT WORK?

IoT works in the following

way:
 Devices have hardware like
sensors, for example, that
collect data.
 The data collected by the
sensors is then shared via the
cloud and integrated with
software.
 The software then analyzes
and transmits the data to
users via an app or website.
 Components of IoT
•A typical IoT system works through the real-time collection and exchange of
data. An IoT system has three components :

Smart Devices/IoT Devices
 This is a device, like a television, security camera, or exercise equipment that has
been given computing capabilities. Broadly speaking, they are internet-connected
devices, so they each have an IP address. They also include personal devices like
fitness trackers that monitor the number of steps individuals take each day.

 So it collects data from its environment, user inputs, or usage patterns and
communicates data over the internet to and from its IoT application.

 Collecting the data is done by transmitting it from the devices to a gathering point
wirelessly using a range of technologies or on wired networks.

 The data can be sent over the internet to a data center or a cloud that has storage and
compute power or the transfer can be staged, with intermediary devices aggregating
the data before sending it along.
 Components of IoT
IoT Application/Processing Data
 An IoT application is a collection of services and software that integrates
data received from various IoT devices. It uses machine learning or
artificial intelligence (AI) technology to analyze this data and make
informed decisions.
 These decisions are communicated back to the IoT device and the IoT
device then responds intelligently to inputs. Processing the data can also
take place in data centers or cloud, but sometimes that’s not an option.
 In the case of critical devices such as shutoffs in industrial settings, the
delay of sending data from the device to a remote data center is too great.
 In such cases edge-computing can come into play, where a smart edge
device can aggregate data, analyze it and fashion responses if necessary,
all within relatively close physical distance, thereby reducing delay.
 Edge devices also have upstream connectivity for sending data to be
further processed and stored.
 Components of IoT
A Graphical User Interface
 The IoT device or fleet of devices can be managed
through a graphical user interface. Common
examples include a mobile application or website that
can be used to register and control smart devices.
 Example of IoT
Let’s look at some examples of IoT systems in use today:
•Connected Cars
There are many ways vehicles, such as cars, can be connected to the
internet. It can be through smart dash cams, infotainment systems, or
even the vehicle's connected gateway. They collect data from the
accelerator, brakes, speedometer, odometer, wheels, and fuel tanks to
monitor both driver performance and vehicle health. Connected cars
have a range of uses:
 Monitoring rental car fleets to increase fuel efficiency and reduce
costs.
 Helping parents track the driving behavior of their children.
 Notifying friends and family automatically in case of a car crash.
 Predicting and preventing vehicle maintenance needs.
 Example of IoT
• Connected Homes
Smart home devices are mainly focused on improving the efficiency and
safety of the house, as well as improving home networking. Devices like
smart outlets monitor electricity usage and smart thermostats provide
better temperature control. Hydroponic systems can use IoT sensors to
manage the garden while IoT smoke detectors can detect tobacco smoke.
Home security systems like door locks, security cameras, and water leak
detectors can detect and prevent threats, and send alerts to homeowners.
•Connected devices for the home can be used for:
 Automatically turning off devices not being used.
 Rental property management and maintenance.
 Finding misplaced items like keys or wallets.
 Automating daily tasks like vacuuming, making coffee, etc.
 Example of IoT
•Smart Cities
•IoT applications have made urban planning and infrastructure
maintenance more efficient. Governments are using IoT
applications to tackle problems in infrastructure, health, and
the environment. IoT applications can be used for:
 Measuring air quality and radiation levels.
 Reducing energy bills with smart lighting systems.
 Detecting maintenance needs for critical infrastructures such
as streets, bridges, and pipelines.
 Increasing profits through efficient parking management.
 Example of IoT

•Smart Buildings
•Buildings such as college campuses and commercial
buildings use IoT applications to drive greater
operational efficiencies. IoT devices can be use in smart
buildings for:
 Reducing energy consumption.
 Lowering maintenance costs.
 Utilizing work spaces more efficiently.
 IoT Layered Architecture: (the Pathway from Physical
Signals to Business Decisions)

 But no matter the use case and number

of layers, the key building blocks of
any IoT structure are always the same.

 Even though there's no single IoT

architecture that's universally agreed
upon, the most basic and widely
accepted format is a four-layer
architecture.
 It was first introduced when the
earliest research into the Internet of
Things was being carried out. It
proposes four layers: Perception,
Network, Processing and
Application.
 Perception Layer
 This is the physical layer of the architecture
which hosting smart things and converting
analog signals into digital data and vice versa.

 This is where the sensors and connected

devices come into play as they gather various
amounts of data as per the need of the project.

 The initial stage of any IoT system embraces

a wide range of “things” or endpoint devices
that act as a bridge between the real and
digital worlds. The sensors themselves are on
this layer. This is where the data comes from.
 The data could be gathered from any number
of sensors on the connected device. Actuators,
which act on their environment, are also at
this layer of the architecture.
 These can be the edge devices, sensors,
controllers and actuators that interact with
their environment.
 Network Layer/Connectivity Layer
 It is enabling data transmission. The data that's
collected by all of the devices needs to be
transmitted and processed.
 That's the network layer's job. The network
layer describes how large amounts of data are
moving throughout the application.
 This layer connects the various devices and
connects the devices to other smart objects,
servers, and network devices and sends the data
to the appropriate back-end services. It
transfers data from the physical layer to the
cloud and vice versa via networks and
gateways.
 This level is in charge of all communications
across devices, networks, and cloud services
that make up the IoT infrastructure.
 So the connection between all the devices,
sensors and services that function together in
two different ways:
1. Direct connection (using TCP, UDP/IP)
2. Gateway connection (using hardware or
software modules performing translation
between different protocols as well as
encryption and decryption of IoT data)
 Processing Layer
 The edge computing layer (middle
processing layer will discuss ahead) are
used for constant data modification, this is
not the case at the processing layer.
 It employs IoT platforms to accumulate
and manage all data streams.
 This layer is responsible for accumulating,
storing and processing information or data
received from the previous layer (previous
layer is network layer in the case of four
layer architecture and previous layer edge
computing layer in the case of five layer
architecture).
 Application Layer
 At this layer, information is analyzed by software to give answers to key
business questions.
 This could be an application to control a device in a smart-home ecosystem,
or a dashboard showing the status of the devices which are part of a system.
 Currently a great number of apps exist that differ in their functions,
implemented operation systems and technologies.
 The application layer is what the user interacts with. It's what is responsible
for delivering application specific services to the user. This can be a smart
home implementation, for example, where users tap a button in the app to
turn on a coffee maker.
 There are hundreds of IoT applications that vary in complexity and function,
using different technology stacks and operating systems. Some examples
are:
 device monitoring and control software,
 mobile apps for simple interactions,
 business intelligence services, and
 analytic solutions using machine learning.
 Stages of IoT Architecture
 There are four stages of IoT Architecture. Another way to describe an IoT solution
architecture is using a four-stage approach. This architecture describes the various
building blocks that constitute the IoT solution.

 The IoT system should be capable of providing stable support to IoT layer
architecture.

 The following stages are meant to make IoT usage efficient and viable to your
business.

 The four primary stages as defined under IoT Layered architecture which describe
the process in which data flows from sensors attached to “things” through a
network and eventually on to a corporate data center or the cloud for processing,
analysis and storage.
•The four stages are:
1) Smart Devices
2) Internet Gateway
3) Edge IT OR Edge Computing
4) Data Center and Cloud
 First Stage (Smart Devices)
 This is the first stage of IoT architecture which
is defined under the perception layer which is
the first layer of IoT layered architecture.
 This stage of IoT architecture includes devices
such as sensors, actuators and controllers that
aggregate sensor data from the environment or
interconnected objects and transform it into
data that can then be used by clients.
 Second Stage (Internet Gateway and Data
Acquisition Systems)
• This is the second stage of IoT architecture which is defined
under the network or transport layer which is the second layer
of IoT layered architecture.
• As the large numbers of data are produced by this sensors and
actuators need the high-speed Gateways and Networks to
transfer the data. This network can be of type Local Area
Network (LAN such as WiFi, Ethernet, etc.), Wide Area
Network (WAN such as GSM, 5G, etc.).
• The internet gateway stage will receive the raw data from the
devices and pre-process it before sending it to the cloud.
• Internet gateways are usually located in the immediate vicinity
of sensors, actuators, and controllers.
 Third Stage (Edge IT or Edge Computing)
• This is the third stage of IoT architecture which is defined under the
middle processing layer which is the third layer of IoT layered architecture.
• Once the IoT data has been digitized and aggregated, it will need
processing to further reduce the data volume before it goes to the data
center or cloud.
• Edge in the IoT Architecture is the hardware and software gateways that
analyze and pre-process the data before transferring it to the cloud. If the
data read from the sensors and gateways are not changed from its previous
reading value then it does not transfer over the cloud, this saves the data
used.
• Edge devices are most frequently placed on-site or near a particular data
source, but can sometimes be located in remote locations as well.
• In order to process data as quickly as possible, you might want to send
your data to the edge of the cloud. This will let you analyze the data
quickly and identify if something requires immediate attention.
• This layer typically would only be concerned with recent data that is
required for time-critical operations.
• Edge IT computing alleviates the burden otherwise laid directly on the data
center.
 Forth Stage (Data Center and Cloud)
• This is the forth stage of IoT architecture which is defined under the
processing layer which is the forth layer of IoT layered architecture.
• At Stage 4 in the process, powerful IT systems can be brought to bear to
analyze, manage, and securely store the data. This usually takes place in
the corporate data center or in the cloud, where data from multiple field
sites/sensors can be combined to provide a broader picture of the overall
IoT system and deliver actionable insights to both IT and business
managers.
• The Data Center or Cloud comes under the Management Services which
process the information through analytics, management of device and
security controls.
• In this final stage, the data is stored for later processing. The application
and business layers live in this stage, where dashboards or management
software can be fed through the data stored in the cloud. Deep analysis or
resource-intensive operations such as machine learning training will
happen at this stage.
• At this level, industry-specific and/or company-specific applications can be
used to perform in-depth analysis and apply business rules to determine
whether action needs to be taken.