Werabe University

Institute of Technology

Introduction to
Emerging
Technologies

Chapter 4:
Internet of Things

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 Contents
• Learning outcomes
• What is IoT?
• Important features of IoT
• History of IoT
• Advantages and disadvantages of IoT
• Challenges of IoT
• How IoT works?
• Architecture of IoT
• Device and networks
• Tools and platforms of IoT
• Applications of IoT in homes, cities and farming
• Review Questions

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 Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of this chapter,
the students be able to:
• Explain IoT
• Elaborate the advantages &
disadvantages of IoT
• Explain how IoT works?
• Explain the architecture of IoT
• Describe IoT tools and platforms
• Describe IoT application in different
sector

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 Brainstorming

What do you think about IoT?

Can you give an example?
Smart City
Smart Home
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 What is IoT?
Several definitions used by different groups:
• Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB): IoT is the
networking of smart objects, meaning a huge
number of devices intelligently communicating in
the presence of internet protocol that cannot be
directly operated by human beings but exist as
components in buildings, vehicles or the
environment.
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
organization’s: IoT is the networking of smart
objects in which smart objects have some
constraints such as limited bandwidth, power, and
processing accessibility for achieving interoperability
among smart objects.
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 …What is IoT?
Several definitions used by different groups:
• Oxford dictionary’s: IoT is the interaction
of everyday object’s computing devices
through the Internet that enables the sending
and receiving of useful data.
• IEEE Communications category magazine:
IoT is a framework of all things that have a
representation in the presence of the internet
in such a way that new applications and
services enable the interaction in the physical
and virtual world in the form of Machine-to
Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud.
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 …What is IoT?
• IoT according to 2020 conceptual framework
is expressed through a simple formula such
as:
IoT = Services + Data + Networks +
Sensors

• Generally, The Internet of Things (IoT):

o Is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with electronics, software, sensors,
and network connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.

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 …What is IoT?
• IoT is a system of interrelated computing
devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided
with unique identifiers and the ability to
transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
• It is a network of devices that can sense,
accumulate and transfer data over the
internet without any human intervention.
• It consists of any device with an on/off switch
connected to the Internet
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 Applications areas of IoT
• smart-city
• smart-home
• smart-energy
• connected car
• smart agriculture
• health care
• Logistics
• connected campus
• building & industry etc

Figure :- IoT domains

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 Most important features of IoT
AI
o IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”
o Enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection,
artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks
Connectivity
o Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still
being practical.
o IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.

Sensors
o IoT loses its distinction without sensors
o Act as defining instruments that transform IoT from a standard passive
network of devices into an active system capable of real-world
integration
Active engagement
o IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service
engagement
small device use
o IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility 10
History of IoT?

History of IoT
Reading Assignment

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 Advantages and disadvantages of
IoT
• Advantages of IoT span across every
area of lifestyle and business
• Some of the advantages that IoT has
to offer are
o Improved Customer Engagement
o Technology Optimization
o Reduced Waste
o Enhanced Data Collection

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of
IoT
Disadvantages
o The potential that a hacker could steal
confidential information increases
o If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that
every connected device will become
corrupted
o No international standard of compatibility for
IoT, it’s difficult for devices from different
manufacturers to communicate with each
other
o Millions of IoT devices and collecting and
managing the data from all those devices
will be challenging 13
 Challenges of IoT?
• Security
o Connected devices communicating over networks
o This leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers
• Privacy
o Make substantial personal data in extreme detail without
the user's active participation
• Complexity
o Complication in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies
• Flexibility
o Difficulty to integrate easily with another system.
• Compliance
o IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business,
must comply with regulations.
o Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem
incredibly challenging 14
 How does IoT works?
An IoT ecosystem consist:
A. Web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded processors and connected to
sensors, actuators and internet,
B. Sensors to collect data from the
environment and send it back to the end
smart device for analyzation
C. Communication protocols used by the
smart device to send data to the cloud to be
analyze and provide remote access
The devices do most of the work without
human intervention, although people can
interact with the devices. 15
 Architecture of IoT
Architecture of IoT
devices comprises
four major
components (layers):
1. Sensing layer
2. Network layer
3. Data processing
layer
4. Application layers

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 1. Sensing layer
• Identify any phenomena in the
devices’ peripheral and obtain data
from the real world
• Sensors in IoT devices are usually
integrated through sensor hubs.
• Sensor hub is a common connection
point for multiple sensors that
accumulate and forward sensor data
to the processing unit of a device.

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 Cont’d…
Sensors in IoT devices can be classified
into three broad categories:
A. Motion sensors
o Measure the change in motion as well as the
orientation of the devices (linear & angular motion)
B. Environmental sensors
o Light sensors, pressure sensors, etc. Are embedded in
IoT devices to sense the change in environmental
parameters.
C. Position sensors
o Physical position and location of the device
o Common position sensors used in IoT devices are
magnetic sensors and global positioning system
(GPS) sensors
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 2. Network Layer
• Acts as a communication channel to
transfer data, collected in the sensing
layer, to other connected devices
• Implemented by using diverse
communication technologies.

E.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRa,

cellular network, etc

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3. Data Processing Layer
• Consists of the main data processing
unit of IoT devices
• Takes data collected in the sensing
layer and analyses the data to make
decisions based on the result
• Saves the result of the previous analysis
to improve the user experience
• Share the result of data processing with
other connected devices via the network
layer

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 4. Application Layer
• Implements and presents the results of
the data processing layer
• User-centric layer that executes various
tasks for the users.
• There exist diverse IoT applications, which
include smart transportation, smart home,
personal care, healthcare, etc.

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 Devices and Networks
• IoT devices can be categorized into three main groups:
1. Consumer
2. Enterprise
3. Industrial.
1. Consumer connected devices include
o smart TVs
o smart speakers
o toys
o wearables
o smart appliances
2. Enterprise and Industrial devices include
o smart meter
o commercial security systems…
o smart city technologies such as those used to monitor traffic and weather conditions
o smart sensors in conference room
o smart air conditioning,
o smart thermostats
o smart lighting
o smart security…

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Examples of IoT Device and
networks

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 IoT tools and platforms
• IoT Platform are based on the Internet
of Things and cloud technology.
• The following are some IoT platform
vendors
o KAA
o SiteWhere
o ThingSpeak
o DeviceHive
o Zetta

Discus some of the key features provided by

the above vendors? 24
 Applications of IoT
• Agriculture
• Consumer Use
• Healthcare
• Insurance
• Manufacturing
• Retail
• Transportation
• Utilities

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 IoT Based Smart Home

It includes:
o Remote Control
Appliances
o Weather
o Smart Home
Appliances
o Safety Monitoring
o Intrusion Detection
Systems
o Energy and Water
Use 26
 IoT Based Smart City
It includes:
o Structural Health
o Lightning
o Safety
o Transportation
o Smart Parking
o Waste
Management

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IoT Based Smart Farming
It includes:
o Green Houses
o Compost
o Animal
Farming/Tracking
o Offspring Care
o Field Monitoring

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 Review Questions
1. Briefly explain IoT
2. Briefly explain the architecture of IoT
and how IoT works?
3. Write down application of IoT in smart
city, home and farming?
4. Write down some IoT devices?
5. What are the challenges of IoT?
6. List down some IoT tools and
platforms?
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 Quize
1. Write down application of IoT.
2. Write down some IoT devices.
3. What are the challenges of IoT?

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END!!

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