Scribd
Upload
9 views19 pages

Unit 1 Amplitude Modulation

Modulation is the process of altering a high frequency carrier signal based on a low frequency message signal, with two main types: analog modulation and pulse modulation. Amplitude Modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier according to the message signal, while maintaining constant frequency and phase. The document also discusses modulation index, power calculations, and the importance of avoiding overmodulation to prevent distortion.

Uploaded by

jayanthisree
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views19 pages

Unit 1 Amplitude Modulation

Modulation is the process of altering a high frequency carrier signal based on a low frequency message signal, with two main types: analog modulation and pulse modulation. Amplitude Modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier according to the message signal, while maintaining constant frequency and phase. The document also discusses modulation index, power calculations, and the importance of avoiding overmodulation to prevent distortion.

Uploaded by

jayanthisree
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Modulation

• “Modulation is the process of changing some parameter of a high


frequency carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous value of
low frequency message signal (amplitude).”
Types of Modulation
• Based on carrier used we have two types of modulation,
1. Analog modulation (continuous wave modulation): Carrier wave is
sinusoidal.
1. Amplitude Modulation (AM)
2. Frequency Modulation (FM)
3. Phase Modulation (PM)
2. Pulse modulation: Rectangular pulse train is used as carrier.
1. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
2. Pulse width modulation (PWM)
3. Pulse position modulation (PPM)
Types of Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude
modulation
• Definition:
• In this type of modulation,
the amplitude of a
sinusoidal carrier is varied
according to the
instantaneous amplitude of
the message signal, the
frequency and phase of the
carrier is kept constant.
• There are different ways of modulation which results in different
spectral characteristics for the transmitted signal.
• Conventional Double Side band AM
• Double side band suppressed carrier AM
• Single sideband AM
• Vestigial sideband AM
• Amplitude modulation employs the concept of frequency translation.
• Frequency Translation:
• The process of frequency translation is the one in which the original signal is
replaced with a new signal whose spectral range extends from f1’ to f2’ and
which new signal bears in recoverable form the same information as was
borne by the original signal.

• Envelope:
• An imaginary line connecting the +ve peaks and –ve peaks of the
carrier wave gives the exact shape of the modulating signal. This is
called as Envelope.
Mathematical expression for AM:
• A sine wave modulating signal can be expressed as:
m(t) = Vm Sin 2ᴨfmt (1)
• where,
m(t) – instantaneous value of the message signal
Vm - peak amplitude of the message signal
fm - frequency of the message signal
t- particular point in which time duration of information signal
• A sine wave carrier signal can be expressed as:
c(t) = Vc Sin 2ᴨfct (2)
• where,
• c(t) – instantaneous value of the carrier signal
• Vc - peak amplitude of the carrier signal
• fc - frequency of the carrier signal
• t- particular point in which time duration of carrier signal
• Modulator:
• Modulator is a circuit used for generating AM signal. It has 2 inputs:
(i)Modulating Signal; (ii) Carrier Signal
m(t) s(t)
c(t)
• which produces modulated output as AM wave.
• Envelope can be completed using the modulating and carrier signal.
Vc(t) + m(t) = Vc + Vm Sin 2ᴨfmt (3)
the instantaneous value of modulating signal algebraically adds the
peak value of the carrier.
The instantaneous value of the complete modulated wave is given as:
s(t)= (Vc + Vm Sin 2ᴨfmt ) Sin 2ᴨfct
s(t)= Vc Sin 2ᴨfct + Vm Sin 2ᴨfmt Sin 2ᴨfct
Vc Sin 2ᴨfct – carrier waveform
Vm Sin 2ᴨfmt Sin 2ᴨfct – carrier waveform multiplied signal waveform
which express the characteristic of AM.
Modulation Index:
The relation between the amplitude of m(t) and carrier c(t) is
called modulation index/Modulating factor/ coefficient / Degree of
Modulation.
m= Vm /Vc
m should be between 0 and 1.
Percentage of Modulation:
Multiplying the modulation index by 100 gives percentage of
modulation.
mx100
Degree of Modulation:
• Overmodulation and
Distortion : (m>1)
• In general, m should be a
number between 0 and 1.
• If the amplitude of the
modulating voltage is
higher than the carrier
voltage, m will be > 1,
causing distortion of the
modulating waveform.
Distortion caused by
overmodulation also
produces adjacent channel
interference.
• Compression circuit:
Overmodulation can be prevented by automatically adjusting the
amplitude of the modulating signal. Automatic circuits called
compression circuits which amplifies the lower level signal and
suppress the higher level signal resulting in a higher average output
level without overmodulation.
• Ideal condition or critical modulation:
• Ideal condition for AM is when Vm=Vc, m=1 => 100 % modulation.
• This results in greatest output power at the transmitter and the greatest
output voltage at the receiver with no distortion.
• Under modulation (m<1):
• To recover the original message signal, m should be between 0 and 1
Determination of modulation index from AM:
• From the AM output wave, • From Fig.

w.k.t , Modulation index: m


m
m
For multiple input frequencies:
Spectrum of AM
• To obtain the spectrum of AM or DSB-FC, we extract the frequency
component
s(t)= Vc Sin 2ᴨfct + Vm Sin 2ᴨfmt Sin 2ᴨfct
= Vc Sin 2ᴨfct + {Cos 2ᴨ(fc-fm)t - Cos 2ᴨ(fc+fm)t }
Frequency in
I term: fc- carrier frequency
II term: (fc-fm) – lower side band
III term: fc+fm – upper side band
AM Power
• The total transmitted power PT of AM signal is:
S(t)= Vc Sin 2ᴨfct + {Cos 2ᴨ(fc-fm)t - Cos 2ᴨ(fc+fm)t }
PT= PC + PLSB +PUSB
• For power calculation, rms value can be used.
• S(t)= Vc Sin 2ᴨfct + {Cos 2ᴨ(f -f )t} – {Cos 2ᴨ(f
c m c+fm)t }

• =Vc Sin 2ᴨfct + {Cos 2ᴨ(f -f )t} – Cos 2ᴨ(f


c m c+fm)t }
• Now the coefficient on sine and +
cosine terms are used in )
calculating power,
=

+
w.k.t,
w.k.t , m so, therefore,
Therefore, • So, =
+
• =
• )

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy