EE 323

WEEK
No.: 1
Course Code : EE 323
Course Title : Electrical Apparatus & Devices
Prerequisite : EE 223A
Co-Requisite :
Credit/Class Schedule : 3 Units / 6.25 hours per week
No. of Contact Hours per Week : 2.5 hours lecture ; 3.75 hours laboratory

Course Description : This subject covers theory, principles of operation and

applications of single-phase transformers, parallel operation of
transformers, autotransformers, three-phase transformers,
instrument transformers, circuit breakers, power relays and
other selected equipment and devices currently used in the
field as basic requirement of an electrical system.
 EE 323
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices WEEK
No.: 1

Week Nos. Content/ Topics Methodologies & Strategies

1 Mission, Vision, Goals and MET Program Educational  Lecture/Discussion thru

Objectives and Program Outcomes, TUP Quality Policy, Class Power point presentation.
room policy.

Characteristics of the practical transformer

2 Standard ratings of a transformer  Lecture/Discussion thru

Power point presentation.

3-4 Transformer Test and principle of operation  Lecture/Discussion thru Power

point presentation.
 Practical activity

5-6 Calculations of power losses and efficiency  Lecture/Discussion thru

Power point presentation.
 Practical activity
 EE 323
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices WEEK
No.: 1

Week Nos. Content/ Topics Methodologies & Strategies

7 Mid- term examination

8 Three phase transformer  Lecture/Discussion thru Power point
presentation.
 Practical activity

9 Parallel operation of transformers  Lecture/Discussion thru Power point

presentation.
 Practical activity
10 Various types of transformers and  Lecture/Discussion thru Power point
their applications presentation.

11-12 Protective devices: characteristics, principle of  Lecture/Discussion thru Power point

operation and applications: presentation.
a. Fuses
b. Breakers
c. Lighting arresters
 EE 323
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices WEEK
No.: 1

Week Nos. Content/ Topics Methodologies & Strategies

13 Standard Ratings of protective devices  Lecture/Discussion thru Power point

presentation.

14 End- term examination

 EE 323
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices WEEK
No.: 1

Week No.: 1 - Characteristics of the practical transformer

- Construction of transformer
- Transformer induced EMF

By : Ariel P. Porras, P.E.E

Part – time Instructor in Electrical Engineering
College of Electrical Engineering, TUP - Visayas
 EE 323
Transformer Definition And Working Principle WEEK
No.: 1
 EE 323
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices WEEK
No.: 1
 EE 323
Definition And Working Principle WEEK
No.: 1
 EE 323
WEEK
So …. What is a Transformer? No.: 1

A transformer is defined as a static device (has no moving parts) or

passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through the process of electromagnetic induction. It is most commonly
used to increase (‘step up’) or decrease (‘step down’) voltage levels between
circuits.

Transformer is an electrical machine that changes the magnitude of an AC

voltage form one voltage level to another. Figure 1 shows a typical electric grid
structure where transformers are being used. From the generating station,
electric power is being transmitted by through a step-up transformer,
then through transmission lines and then a step-down transformer. After
the step-down transformer, power is being distributed to customers.)
Working Principle of Transformer WEEK
No.: 3&4
The working principle of a transformer is very simple. 1Ф Transformer
Mutual induction between two or more windings (also known as coils)
allows for electrical energy to be transferred between circuits. This
principle is explained in further detail below.
Transformer Theory
Say you have one winding (also known
as a coil) which is supplied by an
alternating electrical source. The
alternating current through the
winding produces a continually
changing and alternating flux that
surrounds the winding.
If another winding is brought close to
this winding, some portion of this
alternating flux will link with the
second winding. As this flux is
continually changing in its amplitude
and direction, there must be a
changing flux linkage in the second
According to WEEK
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction No.: 3&4
, there will be an EMF induced in the 1Ф Transformer
second winding. If the circuit of this
secondary winding is closed, then a
current will flow through it. This is the
basic working principle of a
transformer.
Let us use electrical symbols to help
visualize this. The winding which receives
electrical power from the source is known
as the ‘primary winding’. In the diagram
below this is the ‘First Coil’.

The winding which gives the desired

output voltage due to mutual induction is
commonly known as the ‘secondary
winding’. This is the ‘Second Coil’ in the
diagram above.
 A transformer that increases voltage WEEK
between the primary to secondary windings No.: 3&4
is defined as a step-up transformer. 1Ф Transformer
Conversely, a transformer that decreases
voltage between the primary to secondary
windings is defined as a
step-down transformer.
Whether the transformer increases or
decreases the voltage level depends on the
relative number of turns between the
primary and secondary side of the
transformer.
If there are more turns on the primary coil
than the secondary coil than the voltage will
decrease (step down).

If there are less turns on the primary coil

than the secondary coil than the voltage will
increase (step up).
While the diagram of the transformer WEEK
above is theoretically possible in an No.: 3&4
ideal transformer – it is not very 1Ф Transformer
practical. This is because in the open air
only a very tiny portion of the flux
produced from the first coil will link with
the second coil. So the current that
flows through the closed circuit
connected to the secondary winding will
be extremely small (and difficult to
The rate of change of flux linkage
measure).
depends upon the amount of linked flux
with the second winding. So ideally
almost all of the flux of primary winding
should link to the secondary winding.
This is effectively and efficiently done by
using a core type transformer. This
provides a low reluctance path common
to both of the windings.
 WEEK No.: 3&4
Presentations are communication tools that can be used as
01
demonstrations, lectures, speeches, reports, and more.

Title
Presentations are communication tools that can be used as
02
demonstrations, lectures, speeches, reports, and more.
 WEEK
The purpose of the transformer core No.: 3&4
is to provide a low reluctance path, 1Ф Transformer
through which the maximum amount
of flux produced by the primary
winding is passed through and linked
with the secondary winding.

The current that initially passes

through the transformer when it is
switched on is known as the
transformer inrush current.
 WEEK
No.: 1
Transformer Parts And Construction 1Ф Transformer

The three main parts of a transformer:

• Primary Winding of Transformer

• Magnetic Core of Transformer
• Secondary Winding of
Transformer

Primary Winding of Transformer

Which produces magnetic flux when it is connected to an electrical source.

Magnetic Core of Transformer

The magnetic flux produced by the primary winding, that will pass through this low
reluctance path linked with secondary winding and create a closed magnetic circuit
.

Secondary Winding of Transformer

The flux, produced by primary winding, passes through the core, will link with the
secondary winding. This winding also wounds on the same core and gives the
Transformer Construction WEEK
No.: 1
A simple two-winding transformer 1Ф Transformer
construction consists of each
winding being wound on a separate
soft iron limb or core which
provides the necessary magnetic
circuit
 WEEK
Types Of No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
Transformers
Transformers can be classified
on different basis, like types of
construction, types of cooling
etc.
(A) On the basis of
construction, transformers
can be classified into two
types as; (i) Core type
transformer and (ii) Shell type
transformer, which are
described below.
(i) Core Type Transformer
In core type transformer, windings are cylindrical former wound, mounted on the
core limbs as shown in the figure above. The cylindrical coils have different layers
and each layer is insulated from each other. Materials like paper, cloth or mica can
be used for insulation. Low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core, as
they are easier to insulate.
 WEEK
No.: 1
1Ф Transformer

(ii) Shell Type Transformer

The coils are former wound and mounted in layers stacked with insulation
between them. A shell type transformer may have simple rectangular form
(as shown in above fig), or it may have a distributed form.
 WEEK
(B) On the basis of their purpose No.: 1
1.Step up transformer: Voltage increases (with subsequent decrease in 1Ф Transformer
current) at secondary.
2.Step down transformer: Voltage decreases (with subsequent increase
in current) at secondary.

(C) On the basis of type of supply

1.Single phase transformer
2.Three phase transformer

(D) On the basis of their use

1.Power transformer: Used in transmission network, high rating
2.Distribution transformer: Used in distribution network, comparatively lower
rating than that of power transformers.
3.Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose in different
instruments in industries
• Current transformer (CT)
• Potential transformer (PT)
 WEEK
(E) On the basis of cooling employed No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
1.Oil-filled self cooled type
2.Oil-filled water cooled type
3.Air blast type (air cooled)
 WEEK
No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
 WEEK
No.: 1
Characteristics of Practical Transformer 1Ф Transformer

Concept of Practical Transformer

 It has 100% below efficiency

 It is two purely inductive material used

 It has copper (I2R) losses

 It has iron (or core) losses

 There is ohmic resistance drop

 It has leakage inductance drop

 It is practical in condition
 WEEK
No.: 1
Characteristics of Transformer
1Ф Transformer

1. It uses electromagnetic induction in transforming voltage levels.

2. The input and output power of a transformer has the same

frequency.
3. The input and output voltages of a transformer are variable. A transformer
can increase or decrease the supply voltage.

Vout = Vin(Ns/Np )

4. The current is also a variable quantity in a transformer which can be increased

or decreased.

Iout = Iin(Np/Ns )
 WEEK
No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
5. The power of the transformer remains constant. The power that is
supplied to the transformer & the power delivered by the transformer
remains the same.
Pin = Pout
VinIin = VoutIout
6. This electrical machine is static, therefore there are no losses due to air
resistance and friction unlike electric motors.

7. It has copper losses since the windings are electrical wire with resistance no
matter how small.
→Copper loss(electrical power lost in the heat created by circulation of currents
around the copper windings, considered the heaviest loss in transformers)

8. It has core losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis losses.

→Core loss(eddy current and hysteresis losses, caused by lagging of magnetic
molecules in response to the alternating magnetic flux within the core)
 WEEK
No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
Single Phase Transformers
A transformer may be defined as a static electric device that transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another circuit at the same frequency but with
changed voltage (or current or both) through a magnetic circuit.
 WEEK
No.: 1
1Ф Transformer

EMF Equation
 WEEK
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
Transformation Ratio (or Turns Ratio)
 WEEK
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
Example Problems

1. Find the cross-sectional area of the core of a 10 turns transformer for a

voltage of 50 V at 50 Hz. The flux density is 0.9 Wb/m2 .

2. A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The
net cross sectional area of the core is 60 cm^2 . The primary winding is
connected to a 500 V, 50 Hz supply. Find the following:
(i) peak value of the core flux density and the
(ii) emf induced in the secondary winding.

3. The primary winding of a 50 Hz transformer is supplied from a 440 V, 50 Hz

source and has 200 turns. Find the following:
(i) peak value of flux
(ii) voltage induced in the secondary winding if it has 50 turns.
 WEEK
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
Example Problems
4. A 200 kVA single-phase transformer has 1000 turns in the primary and 600
turns on the secondary. The primary winding is supplied from a 440 V, 50 Hz
source. Find the following:
(i) secondary voltage at no load and
(ii) primary and secondary currents at the full load.
5. The emf per turn for a single-phase 440/220 V, 50 Hz transformer is
approximately 15 V. Find the following:
(i) the number of primary and secondary turns and
(ii) the net cross sectional area of the core, for a maximum flux density of
1 Wb/m2
6. A single phase 2300/230 V, 50 HZ core type transformer has core section of
0.05 m2. If the permissible maximum flux density is 1.1 wb/m2, calculate the
number of turns on primary and secondary.
 WEEK
EE 323 Electrical Apparatus & Devices No.: 1
1Ф Transformer
Example Problems

7. A 400/50 V, 60 Hz step down transformer is to be operated at 50 Hz.

Find the following:
(i) the highest safe input voltage and
(ii) transformation ratio in both frequency applications.

8. A 200/50 V, 50 Hz transformer has a core area of 100 cm2 . The maximum

value of the flux density is 1 Wb/m2 . Assuming 9% loss of area due to
laminations, find the primary and secondary number of turns and transformation
ratio.

9. A single phase Transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The
net cross-sectional area of the core is 60 cm2. If the primary winding is connected
to a 50 HZ supply at 520 V. Calculate the following:
a.) Peak value of flux density in the core b.) transformation ratio
c.) voltage induced in the secondary d.) E.M.F induced per turn
What is Magnetic Flux?

Magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field lines

passing through a given closed surface. It provides the
measurement of the total magnetic field that passes through a
given surface area. Here, the area under consideration can be of
any size and under any orientation with respect to the direction
of the magnetic field.

Magnetic Flux Symbol

• Magnetic flux is commonly denoted using the Greek letter Phi
or Phi suffix B.
• Magnetic flux symbol: Φ or ΦB.
Electromagnetic induction is the creation of an electro-motive force (EMF) by
way of a moving magnetic field around an electric conductor and, conversely, the
creation of current by moving an electric conductor through a static magnetic
field.
Mutual inductance Mutual induction is defined as the phenomenon where a coil gets an induced EMF
due to a changing current in a nearby coil, causing the flux of one coil to link with the other.