Computer Lecture 1 & 2

Sir Mohsin Qamar

PMS-Qualifier , Inspector FIA Qualifier
Serving as Sub Inspector Punjab Police
 Timeline of the Historical Developments of Computer

• Abacus: An Ancient Calculating Tool

An abacus is an ancient calculating tool used for basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. It consists of a frame with rows of beads or counters that can be manipulated to represent numbers.
Each row represents a place value, with the beads on the right representing units, tens, hundreds, and so on. Users
manipulate the beads to perform calculations, with each bead having a value of 1 or 5, depending on its position. By
moving the beads towards or away from the center bar, users can perform calculations with surprising speed and
accuracy. The abacus has been used for thousands of years, originating in Mesopotamia and widely used in Asia, and
is still used today as a teaching tool to help children develop their math skills and understand place value.

• Development Of 1st Mechanical Calculator in 17th Century

Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created a calculating machine called as Mechanical Calculators

• Conceptualization Of An Analytical Engine in 1837

Charles Babbage, who is regarded as the "father of the computer," conceptualized a machine called The Analytical Engine
in the 1830s
 Timeline of the Historical Developments of Computer

•Formation of Turing Machine by Allen Turing in 1936

Allen Turing introduces the concept of a theoretical computing machine, Father of Modern Digital
Computer.
Invented Turing Machine which is responsible for the concepts of algorithms and computations.

• Establishment of The Colossus during World War 2

 Timeline of the Historical Developments of Computer

• Invention of The First Digital Computer -ENIAC in 1945

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC),
world’s 1st general-purpose computer
Also considered the world’s 1st programmable computer (although programming the computer was a
complex, manual process that could take days)

• Formation of 1st Commercial Purposes Computer - UNIVAC I in 1950s

UNIVAC- Universal Automatic Computer
1st Commercially produced Digital Computer
Timeline of the Historical Developments of Computer

• Derivation of the term “Computer”

Latin Word…Compute…To Count
•Acronym of the term “Computer”
Common operating machine purposely used for Technological and Educational Research
•Father of Computer
Charles Baggage
•Father of Modern Digital Computer
Allen Turing
Components of Computer
 Components of Computer
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, responsible
for executing instructions and performing calculations.
2. Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all hardware
components together.
3. Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for data and applications, where
the computer stores data it is currently using.
4. Storage Drive: A permanent storage device for data, programs, and the
operating system, such as a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Solid State
Drive (SSD). components.6.
5. Graphics Card: Controls the output display and handles graphics
processing
Components of Computer
1. Sound Card: Handles audio output and processing
2. Optical Drive: A device that reads and writes data to CDs, DVDs, or
Blu-ray discs
3. Keyboard: An input device for typing and interacting with the
computer.
4. Mouse: A pointing device for interacting with the computer's
graphical user interface.
5. Monitor: The display device that shows the computer's output.
 Software Hardware
Definition Definition
Software refers to set of instructions or
programs that tell a computer what to do or Hardware refers to the physical
how to operate hardware components of a computer system,
including all the tangible parts that make
It includes applications, utilities, and system
software. It's essentially the "brain" of the up the machine. It's the "body" of the
computer, providing instructions and computer, providing the physical
commands that tell the hardware what to do. infrastructure for the software to run on.
Examples Examples
Operating Systems (Windows, macOS, Linux)- Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Productivity Software (Microsoft Office, Google Motherboard
Docs)
Memory (RAM)
Web Browsers (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)
Games Storage Drives (HDD, SSD)
Mobile Apps Graphics Card
Keyboard- Mouse- Monitor
Types of Software

System software
It is responsible for managing and controlling the computer's hardware components,
providing a platform for running application software, and performing various system-
related tasks.
Examples of system software include: - Operating Systems (OS): Windows, macOS,
Linux, Android, iOS - Device Drivers: software that controls hardware devices like
printers, graphics cards, and sound cards - Firmware: software that controls embedded
systems like routers, appliances, and IoT devices - Utility Software: disk formatting tools,
backup software, and disk cleanup tools
Application Software
It is designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user, such as: - Productivity
Software: Microsoft Office, Google Docs, LibreOffice - Web Browsers: Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, Safari - Games: video games, puzzle games, and educational games -
Social Media Apps: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn - Multimedia Software: video
editors, audio editors, and graphics editors
Types of Hardware and Software
Computer Memory & its Types
Memory refers to the components of a computer system that store data and
programs. There are two main types of memory: Primary Memory and
Secondary Memory.
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is a type of volatile
memory that stores data and programs temporarily while the computer is
running. It is directly accessible by the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and is
used to store:- Data currently being processed- Instructions for the CPU-
Operating system and application programs
Types of Primary Memory:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory): Allows data to be read and written
quickly in a random order.
2. Cache Memory: A small, high-speed memory that stores frequently used
data and instructions.
Computer Memory & its Types
Secondary Memory also known as auxiliary memory, is a type of non-volatile memory that stores
data and programs permanently, even when the computer is turned off. It is used to store:- Data files-
Program files- Operating system files- Backup files
Types of Secondary Memory:
1. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A magnetic storage device that uses disks and heads to read and write
data.
2. 2. Solid-State Drive (SSD): A flash memory storage device that stores data in interconnected flash
memory chips.
3. 3. Optical Disk: A storage device that uses laser light to read and write data, such as CDs, DVDs,
and Blu-ray discs.
4. 4. Magnetic Tape: A storage device that uses magnetic tape to store data, often used for backup
and archiving purposes.
5. 5. Flash Drive: A portable storage device that uses flash memory to store data, also known as a
USB drive or thumb drive.
In summary:- Primary memory (RAM and Cache) is volatile, temporary, and fast.- Secondary memory
(HDD, SSD, Optical Disk, Magnetic Tape, and Flash Drive) is non-volatile, permanent, and slower.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
Uses spinning disks and mechanical heads to read/write data - Data is
stored on physical disks with magnetic coating - Slower access times
(average 5-10 ms) - Generally less expensive per GB-
Solid State Drive (SSD)
Uses flash memory to store data - No moving parts, data is accessed
electronically - Faster access times (average 0.1- 0.2 ms) - Generally
more expensive per GB
Primary & Secondary Memory
 Units of Computer Memory
1. Bit (b): The basic unit of information in computing, represented by a 0
or 1
2. Byte (B): A group of 8 bits, representing a single character or number.
3. Kilobyte (KB): 1,024 bytes
4. Megabyte (MB): 1,024 kilobytes or 1,048,576 bytes.
5. Gigabyte (GB): 1,024 megabytes or 1,073,741,824 bytes.
6. Terabyte (TB): 1,024 gigabytes
7. Petabyte (PB): 1,024 terabytes
8. Exabyte (EB): 1,024 petabytes
9. Zettabyte (ZB): 1,024 exabytes
10. Yottabyte (YB): 1,024 zettabyte
Types of Computer Network
Types of Computer Network

• LAN: a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a

building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network
with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an office or
school.
• WAN: a large computer network that connects groups of computers over large
distances. WANs are often used by large businesses to connect their office networks; each
office typically has its own local area network, or LAN, and these LANs connect via a
WAN.
• MAN: a computer network that connects computers within a metropolitan area, which could
be a single large city, multiple cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings. A
MAN is larger than a local area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area network (WAN).