PHOTOGRAPHY

• WHAT IS PHOTOGRAPHY?

• Photography is the process of making pictures by means of capturing

light on a light‐sensitive medium, such as a sensor or film. Light
patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a
sensitive medium or storage chip through a timed exposure.
• The most common process is done through mechanical, chemical or
digital devices known as cameras.
• The word comes from the Greek words phos "light", and graphis
"stylus", "paintbrush" or "representation by means of lines" or
"drawing", together meaning "drawing with light."
• Traditionally the product of photography has been called a
photograph. The term photo is an abbreviation; many people also call
them pictures.
• In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace
• photograph the term image is traditional in geometric optics.
 A HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

The necessary first breakthrough in photography was in a

different, not eye centered area— that of making permanent
photographic images. Employing data from the researches of
Johann Heinrich Schulze who, in1727,discovered that silver
nitrate darkened upon exposure to light—Thomas Wedgwood
and Sir Humphry Davy, early in the 19th cent created what we
now call photograms.
• These were made by placing assorted objects on paper
soaked in silver nitrate and exposing them to sunlight. Those
areas of the paper covered by the objects
• remained white; the rest blackened after exposure to the
light. Many say that to understand this topic more we have to
go all the way back to the Aristotle’s statement about the
experiments duplicating an image.
 Heliography

• In 1816 Frenchman Nicephore Niepce made a

crude wood camera fitted with a microscope
lens. He invented Heliography around 1826,
The process used bitumen, as a coating on
glass or metal, which hardened in relation to
exposure to light.
• When the plate was washed with oil of
lavender, only the hardened image area
remained. It required an eight‐hour exposure.
• Louis Daguerre: Daguerreotype
• Louis Daguerre (1789 ‐ 1851), in collaboration with
Nicephore Niepce, invented the first practical
photographic process in 1837 which was widely used
in portraiture until the mid 1850s. A brass plate
coated with silver was sensitized by exposure to
iodine vapor and exposed to light in a camera for
about 30 minutes. A weak positive image
• produced by mercury vapor was fixed with a solution
of salt. In 1839 the French government purchased
Daguerre's French patent and offered the
daguerreotype as "a gift free to the world".
Daguerre, however, did maintain control of the
patent throughout the rest of the world.
• The Digital Photography

• Digital imaging uses an electronic image sensor to record the

image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes
on film.
• The primary difference between digital and chemical photography
is that analog photography resists manipulation because it
involves film, optics and photographic paper, while digital imaging
is a highly manipulative medium. This difference allows for a
degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in
film-based photography, permitting different communicative
potentials and applications.
• Digital imaging is rapidly replacing film photography in consumer
and professional markets. Digital point-and-shoot cameras have
become widespread consumer products, outselling film cameras,
and including new features such as video and audio recording.
Kodak announced in January 2004 that it would no longer
produce reloadable 35 mm cameras after the end of that year.
• This was interpreted as a sign of the end of film
photography. However, Kodak was at that time a
minor player in the reloadable film cameras market.
In January 2006, Nikon followed suit and
announced that they will stop the production of all
but two models of their film cameras: the low-end
Nikon FM10, and the high-end
• Nikon F6. On May 25, 2006, Canon announced they
will stop developing new film
• SLR camera.
camera internal parts

» Lens
» aperture
» Shutter
» Image sensor
» Memory Card
 Lens

• Is a transparent material that transmit

and bend or reflact the light
• The lens is one of the most vital parts of
a camera. The light enters through the
lens, and this is where the photo
process begins. Lenses can be either
fixed permanently to the body or
interchangeable. They can also vary in
focal length, aperture, and other details.
 Focal length

• Is the distance between the optical centers of the lens to the

image sensor which control the angle of view.
• It measured by mm the shorter the lens or lesser the mm the
angle of view will be wide the longer the lens or higher the
mm the angle of view will be narrowed.
 Types of focal length
1. Fixed Focal length (prime lens)
• Prime lenses also have very wide or large
aperture, an adjustable opening inside the lens to
regulate how much light passes through.
2. Variable focal length (zoom lens)
• A zoom lens is any lens with a variable focal
length. Therefore, it can be “zoomed” in or out to
transform the focal length and field of view.
• This magnifies or demagnifies the image, giving
the appearance of moving closer or further from
the subject without physically moving the camera.
 APERTURE
• It is an opening made by an overlapping of metal
lead which controls the volume of light that
inters in to the camera also called iris diaphragm.
• It refers to the amount of light allowed to enter
the HDDSLR sensor (or any imaging surface).
• Symbolized by f/stop number.
• If the f/stop number is increase the iris
diaphragm will be closed or narrowed and if it is
decreased it will be opened.
 3. Shutter
•When the camera fires the shutter opens and
fully exposes the camera sensor to the light
that passes through the lens aperture.
•after the sensor is done collecting the light the
shutter closes immediately stopping the light
from hitting the sensor.
•A camera shutter is a curtain in front of the
camera sensor that stays closed until the
camera fires.
 Shutter speed
•Shutter speed refers to the length of time an image is
exposed.
• For film SLRs, this would be measured by the amount
of time the camera’s mechanical shutter is open, but
for shooting video on DSLRs, this is simulated
electronically.
• Shutter speed affects the amount of light that reaches
the camera and also affects the motion rendering of
the moving image.
• Lower shutter speeds yield a brighter and smoother
image.
• whereas higher shutter speeds result in a darker and
more stroboscopic image.
 How shutter speed is measured?

• Shutter speeds are typically measured in fraction

of a second.
• E.g. 1 ¼ 1/50 1/60 1/250 …………1/4000
 IMAGE SENSOR
• Is a device which scans or read light or
optical image and convert in to
electrical signal.
• Larger sensors aren’t always better, but
for our purposes it’s easiest to think of
larger sensors as capturing images that
have a shallower depth of field, greater
dynamic range, and better low-light
sensitivity. Here is a chart of HDDSLR
sensor size.
 Resolution
• Resolution is defined as number pixel.
 ISO & Noise
• ISO is actually the International
Organization for Standardization
• The relationships between
sensitivity and noise are basically
linear, however, so the higher the
ISO, the brighter the image —
and the more noise contained in
the image.
 Memory card
• 1. Storage capacity
• 2. types of card
• 3. storage speed :- how much data store per second
Examples of memory card
 DEPTH OF FIELD
• It is the distance between the nearest to the
farthest in a scene that appear acceptable
sharp.

Types of D.O.F
• A. Short D.O.F/ shallow focus
• B. Long D.O.F /deep focus
 Short DOF (shallow
Long DOF (deep focus)
focus)

 Open (large  Close (small aperture)

Aperture aperture)  Large f stop number
 Small f stop number

 Long  Short
Focal length  Tele lens  Wide angle lens

Focus distance Near Far

 Photograph genres
• 1,People Photography
A, wedding
B, Fashion and model
C, birth day
D, sports
E, event
F, graguation
G, travel
H, school
I, family
A, wedding
B,Fashion and model
C,birth day
D,sports
F, graguation
G,travel
H, school
I, family
 2.Nature or Documentary
A, Landscape
B, Wildlife
C, Macro
D, Under water
E, Astrophotography
F, Aerial photography
A, Landscape
B, Wildlife
C, Macro
D, Under water
E, Astrophotography
F, Aerial photography
 3,Street Photography
• Street photography refers to images taken on
or from the street. Looking at the everyday
lives of people in public places is the general
focus. This is also known as urban
photography if the primary location is an
urban or city setting This genre incorporates
portraiture, architecture and candid
photography. Recently it became more
practiced field in our country as well. The first
main thing is inspiration then most important
is the composition.
 4 Black & White
• Not simply photography without color, black
and white photography explores shapes, tones
and textures. Shadows and highlights become
much more important. Even though we are on
digital photography era monochrome has its
way to impress many impressionist
photographers as well as realist or surrealist
street photographers.
 5 Camera Phone
• "Convenience" photography using a mobile
phone's built‐in camera. While not the best
quality, camera phones have opened a new world
of spontaneous, on the‐spot photo opportunities.
• Mobile, or smartphone photography refers to all
photography captured using your mobile or cell
Phone And when we say all, we do mean all. From
fashion to food to macro, your phone is a versatile
tool.