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Progression

The document explains the concepts of sequences and series, specifically focusing on arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic progressions. It provides definitions, examples, and formulas for calculating terms and sums within these progressions. Additionally, it includes various problems and solutions related to these mathematical concepts.

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shivkapoor9000
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27 views13 pages

Progression

The document explains the concepts of sequences and series, specifically focusing on arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic progressions. It provides definitions, examples, and formulas for calculating terms and sums within these progressions. Additionally, it includes various problems and solutions related to these mathematical concepts.

Uploaded by

shivkapoor9000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Progressions

Meaning of Sequence & Series

Sequences and series are basic concepts in


arithmetic and are used in many fields, including
computer programming, finance, statistics, and
physics. There are several types of sequences and
series, including arithmetic, geometric, harmonic
A sequence, also known as a progression, is a set
of numbers arranged in a specific order, while a
series is the sum of those numbers:
Progression Definition Example

The differences
Arithmetic Progression between any two
1, 4, 7, 10, ...
(AP) consecutive numbers
are all same.

The ratios of any two


Geometric Progression
consecutive numbers 4, 16, 64, 256, ...
(GP)
are all same.

Harmonic Progression The reciprocals of terms


1/2, 1/4, 1/6, ...
(HP) form an AP.
Arithmetic Progression
An arithmetic progression (AP) is a sequence of numbers in which each
successive term is the sum of its preceding term and a fixed number. This
fixed number is called the common difference. For example, 1, 4, 7, 10, ... is
an AP as every number is obtained by adding a fixed number 3 to its
previous term.
2nd term = 4 = 1 + 3 = 1st term + 3
3rd term = 7 = 4 + 3 = 2nd term + 3
4th term = 10 = 7 + 3 = 3rd term + 3
and so on.
Arithmetic Progression Formulas
Let the first term of the progression be a, the common difference be d, and
the nth term be an. Then, the arithmetic progression formulas are given by:
Tn = a + (n - 1) d
d = an - an-1
Sum of the first n terms, Sn = n/2(2a+(n-1)d)
(or) Sn = n/2(a + l), where l = the last term = Tn.
General Form of an Arithmetic Progression
Say the terms a1 a2 a3……an are in AP. If the first term is ‘a’ and its
common difference is ‘d’. Then, the terms can also be expressed as
follows
1st term a1 = a
2nd term a2 = a + d
3rd term a3 = a + 2d

Therefore, we can also represent arithmetic progressions as


a, a + d, a + 2d, ……
This form of representation is called the general form of an AP.
Geometric Progression
A geometric progression (GP) is a sequence of numbers in which each successive
term is the product of its preceding term and a fixed number. This fixed number is
called the common ratio. For example, 4, 16, 64, 256, ... is a GP as every number
is obtained by multiplying a fixed number 4 to its previous term.
2nd term = 16 = 4(4) = 4(1st term)
3rd term = 64 = 4(16) = 4(2nd term)
4th term = 256 = 4(64) = 4(3rd term)
and so on.
Geometric Progression Formulas
Let the first term of the progression be a, the common ratio be r, and the n th term
be an. Then, the geometric progression formulas are given by:
TERM Tₙ = arn - 1
Sum of the first 'n' terms, Sₙ = a(rn - 1) / (r - 1) when r ≠ 1

Sum of infinite geometric series, S∞ = a / (1 - r) when |r| < 1 and S∞ diverges


when |r| ≥ 1
Harmonic Progression
A harmonic progression is a sequence obtained by taking the reciprocal of the
terms of an arithmetic progression. The sequence of natural numbers is an
arithmetic progression. So, taking reciprocals of each term
we get 1,1/2,1/3,1/4,... This is harmonic progression
Harmonic Progression Formulas
For a harmonic progression 1/a, 1/(a+d), 1/(a+2d), ...
nth term, an = 1 / (a + (n - 1) d)
Sum of the first n terms, Sn = 1/d ln [ (2a + (2n - 1) d] / (2a - d) ]

In an arithmetic progression, each successive term is obtained by adding the


common difference to its preceding term.
In a geometric progression, each successive term is obtained by multiplying
the common ratio to its preceding term.
The reciprocal of terms in harmonic progression form an arithmetic
progression.
Qu 1: Which term of the AP 3, 8, 13, 18, ... is 73?
Soln - In the given arithmetic progression,
First term, a = 3
Common difference, d = 8 - 3 = 13 - 8 = 18 - 13 = ... = 5.
Let its nth term = 73.
a + (n - 1) d = 73
=3 + (n - 1) 5 = 73
=3 + 5n - 5 = 73
=5n - 2 = 73
=5n = 75
= n = 15
Qu 2: Write first five terms of AP, when a = 23 and d = -5
Soln The first five terms of AP are 23, 18, 13, 8 and 3
Qu 3 : Find the missing term in the following AP. 5, x, 13
Qu 4: Find the sum of first 50 natural numbers.
Soln By using formula,
S = [(n/2) * (a+l)]
we get
= [(50/2) * (1+50)] = [(25) * (51)] = 1275
Therefore, sum of first 50 natural numbers is 1275.
Qu 5: Find the 10th, 21st, and 33rd terms of the following arithmetic progression series.
12, 24, 36, 48, 60,….
Solution: The given A.P series is,
12, 24, 36, 48, 60,…
The common difference (d) of the A.P series is,
d = 24 – 12,
d = 12.
The nth term of an A.P series is given by,

a + (n - 1) d
ans 120,252,396

Qu 6 Find the sum of the first 200 terms of the following A.P series,
8, 16, 24, 32, 40,….
Solution: The A.P series given is,
8, 16, 24, 32, 40,….
The first term (a1) and the common difference (d) of the A.P series are,
a = 8, d = 16 – 8 = 8.
The formula for the sum of n terms of an A.P series is given by,

Sn = n/2(2a+(n-1)d
S =160800
Qu 7 :. Find the sum of the first 10000 integers by using the A.P formula.
Solution: for the first 10000 integers, we get an A.P series in,
1, 2, 3,…., 10000.
Here, a = 1,
and, l = 10000.
Using the A.P formula we get,
Sn = n/2(a + l), where l = last term
S= 50005000
Qu 8: How many terms of the given A.P series, 6, 12, 18, 24,… must be taken, so their sum is
816?
Solution: The given A.P series is,
6, 12, 18, 24,…
Here, a = 6,
d = 12 – 6 = 6,
S = 816.
n = ?,
Using the formula,
Sn = n/2(2a+(n-1)d
n=16
Qu 9: . The sum of five consecutive numbers is 100. Find the first number.
Sn = n/2(2a+(n-1)d
Ans The first number is 18, and the other numbers are 18, 19, 20, 21, 22.
 Write the fourth term of the AP whose first term is −20 and the common
difference is 44. (a= -20, d= 44 find T4 = ? )
 What is the sum of the first 20 terms of the sequence: 5, 15, 25, ...?.
 Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the given sequence: 4,9,14,19,24,…
 Write the first 5 terms of the arithmetic sequence given its first
term and common difference
. Find a formula for its general term.
1. a=5; d=3
2. a=12; d=2
3. a=15; d=−5
4. a=7; d=−4
5. a=12; d=1
6. a=23; d=13
7. a=1; d=−12
8. a=−54; d=14
9. a=1.8; d=0.6
10. a=−4.3; d=2.1
11. Find the sum of 1+3+9+…..+10th term.
12.Find the 6th term of series 5, 10, 45…
1. The 7th term of an AP is 20, and the 15th term is 44. Find the first term,
common difference, and the sum of the first 20 terms of the AP.
2. If the 4th term of an AP is 16 and the 9th term is 31, find: the first term and
the common difference find the 50th term of the AP.
3. A person saves ₹200 in the first month, ₹250 in the second month, ₹300 in
the third month, and so on. How much will they save by the end of 12
months? What will be their total savings?
4. The 10th term of an AP is 35, and the common difference is 3. Find the first
term of the AP.
5. Find the 15th term of the AP whose first term is 7 and common difference is
5.
6. Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the AP: 3, 7, 11, 15, ...
7. The 5th term of an AP is 22, and the 9th term is 38. Find the common
difference and the first term.
8. The sum of three consecutive terms in an AP is 27, and their product is 504.
Find the three terms.
9. The sum of the first n terms of an AP is 450. The first term is 5, and the
common difference is 3. Find n, the number of terms.
10. The 10th term of an AP is 31 & 3rd term of an AP is 10, find the sum of first
25th terms of this
1. The sum of three consecutive terms of an AP is 36 and their product is 1620.find the three
numbers (hint: terms sre - a-d , a , a+d )
soln : a-d + a +a+d = 36 a= 12
(a+d).a.(a+d) = 1620 then find d
put the value of a & d in a-d , a , a+d
2. The 10th term of an AP is 31 & 3rd term of an AP is 10 ,find the sum of first 25th terms of this .
soln: T10 = a+(10-1) d & T3 = a+(3-1) d
a+9d=31
a+2d= 10
then we get a = & d=
put the value of a & d in Sn = n/2 {2a+(n-1) d }
3 How many terms are there in the series 3,6,12,…,96
4 The 7th term of an A.P. is 5 and its 11th term is -3. Find the sum of its 17th term.
5 The Sum of three consecutive terms of an AP is 63 and the Product of the first and the last term
is 440. find these terms
6 Find three numbers in G.P. such that their sum is 35 and their product is 1000

soln: numbers are a/r ,a, ar


a/r+a+ar = 35 & a/r . a . ar = 1000
a = 10 & r= 1/2 or 2
so the numbers are 5, 10, 20
7 The 10th term of an AP is 31&3rd term of an AP is 10, find the sum of first 25th
terms of this
8 The sum of three consecutive terms of an AP is 36 and their product is 1620.find
the three numbers
9 The 3rd term of a GP is 18, and the 6th term is 1458. Find the common ratio.& the
sum of the first 6 terms of the GP.
10 The sum of three consecutive terms of a GP is 13.5, and their product is 216. Find
the three terms.
11: In a GP, the first term is 5, and the sum of the first 5 terms is 605
. Find: the common ratio.& the 5th term of the GP.

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