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Topic 5-Alimentary Canal & Digestion

The digestive system breaks down food into dissolved nutrients for absorption into the bloodstream, involving processes such as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. Key organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, rectum, and anus, each adapted for specific functions in digestion. Digestion occurs through mechanical and chemical means, with nutrients absorbed by villi in the small intestine and transported to body cells.

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25 views24 pages

Topic 5-Alimentary Canal & Digestion

The digestive system breaks down food into dissolved nutrients for absorption into the bloodstream, involving processes such as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. Key organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, rectum, and anus, each adapted for specific functions in digestion. Digestion occurs through mechanical and chemical means, with nutrients absorbed by villi in the small intestine and transported to body cells.

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everythingbeaded23
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ALIMENTARY CANAL & DIGESTION

UNIT 2
FUNCTION

• The digestive system BREAKS DOWN


food into DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS that
can be absorbed into the blood stream
and transported to cells throughout the
body.
STRUCTURE
• The main components include:

THE MOUTH
THE OESOPHAGUS
THE STOMACH
THE SMALL INTESTINE
THE LARGE INTESTINE
THE LIVER
THE RECTUM
THE ANUS
MAIN PROCESSES REVISION

• INGESTION: intake of food by biting,


chewing and swallowing.
• DIGESTION: the mechanical and
chemical processes that convert insoluble
food into soluble nutrients.
• ABSORPTION: soluble nutrients are
taken up by the bloodstream.
• EGESTION: undigested food materials,
called faeces are passed out of the body.
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURAL
ADAPTATIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

• Each organ in the alimentary canal has a


particular function in one or more of the
main processes.

• The structure of each part of the


alimentary canal is adapted to its
function.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

1. THE MOUTH

i. Responsible for INGESTION which is the


intake of food.

ii. Teeth and tongue crush and mash the


food.

iii. Tongue mixes the food with saliva and


helps to swallow the food by rolling it into
a ball called a bolus and pushing it to the
back of the throat.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
3. THE OESOPHAGUS

i. The oesophagus walls are built up of


muscle layers.
ii. The muscle layers contract and relax
rhythmically in order to push the
food through in the alimentary canal.
iii. This movements are called
PERISTALSIS.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
4. THE STOMACH

i. Also has thick muscular walls which


contract and churn the stomach contents.
ii. Churning breaks the food into smaller
pieces for the enzymes to act upon.
iii. An enzyme is a protein that speeds up the
rate of a chemical reaction.
iv. Enzymes are secreted by the lining of the
alimentary canal and help to break down
food.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
5. THE SMALL INTESTINE
i. Intestinal glands secrete intestinal juice
with enzymes.

ii. The enzymes break food down into


substances that can be absorbed into the
body.

iii. The walls of the intestines are lined with


millions of VILLI that absorb nutrients.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
6. THE LARGE INTESTINE (COLON)

i. The large intestine absorbs water from


the wastes back into the blood.
ii. The waste material becomes more
compact and forms stools or faeces.
iii. Mucous glands in the large intestine
secrete mucous that makes the stool
smooth and easily excreted (removed
out of body).
iv. The large intestine (also called the
colon) stores the faeces before it is
egested.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
7. THE LIVER

i. The liver is the largest gland in the


body. The liver forms bile.

ii. The bile is stored in the gallbladder and


it assists in the digestion process
especially the digestion of fat.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
8. THE RECTUM
i. Stores stools/faeces temporarily before
being excreted.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
9. THE ANUS

i. Is the end opening of the digestive


system/alimentary canal through which
wastes are egested.
TYPES OF DIGESTION

• There are two types of digestion:

1. MECHANICAL DIGESTION
• Large food particles are
mechanically/physically broken down
into smaller particles.

2. CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• Small food particles are chemically
altered into nutrients
1. MECHANICAL DIGESTION
• Takes place in the:
MOUTH
OESOPHAGUS
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINES

• In the mouth the food is broken, crushed and


mashed by the tongue and teeth.

• Tongue pushes food under the teeth and onto the


palate which breaks food into small pieces.
1. MECHANICAL DIGESTION
• The churning movements of the stomach
walls break down food into smaller pieces.

• Peristalsis in the oesophagus and intestines


push food along and help to break it up.

• Bile released by the gall bladder into the


small intestine breaks fats into smaller
droplets.
2. CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• Takes place in the:
MOUTH
STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE

• Salivary glands secrete saliva into the mouth.

• Saliva contains salivary amylase an enzyme


which starts to break down starch.
2. CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• Hydrochloric acid or stomach (gastric) acid
is a digestive juice secreted by glands in the
lining of the stomach.
• Gastric juice also contains enzymes which
chemically alter food particles into
substances that dissolve in water and can
then be absorbed into the blood stream.
• Enzymes are secreted by the intestinal
glands in the small intestine.
ABSORPTION
• After food particles have been broken down by
mechanical and chemical digestion they are ready to be
absorbed.

• Absorption is the process when nutrients are taken up


into the bloodstream.

• The inner wall of the intestine is covered with millions of


small finger like projections which are called villi.

• The villi contain blood vessels which absorb the nutrients.

• Nutrients are now transported in the bloodstream to the


body cells.

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