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What is theoretical
framework?
In research paper, the theoretical
framework is where the
researchers define, discuss and
evaluate theories relevant to the
research problem. They explain
the key concepts, models and
assumptions that guide the
projects, and show that the works
are grounded in established ideas.
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 How to create a
theoretical framework?
1. Identify the key concepts
The first step is to pick out the
key terms from the problem
statement and research questions.
Concepts often have multiple
definitions, so the theoretical
framework involves clearly
defining what you mean by each
term.
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 How to create a
theoretical framework?
Sample problem statement and research
questions
Company X is struggling with the problem
that many online customers do not return to
make subsequent purchases. Management
wants to increase customer loyalty and believes
that improved customer satisfaction will play a
major role in achieving this goal. To investigate
this problem, there is a need to identify and
give importance to the following problem
statement, objective, and research questions:

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 How to create a
theoretical framework?
Problem: Many online customers do not
return to make subsequent purchases.
Objective: To increase customer loyalty and
thereby generate more revenue.
Research question: How can the satisfaction
of company X’s online customers be improved
in order to increase customer loyalty?
The concepts of “customer loyalty” and
“customer satisfaction” are clearly central to
this study. The theoretical framework should
define these concepts and discuss theories
about the relationship between them.
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 How to create a
theoretical framework?
2. Define and evaluate
relevant concepts, theories,
and models
By conducting a thorough
literature review, how other
researchers have defined and
drawn connections between these
key concepts will be determined.

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 How to create a
theoretical framework?
3. Show what your research
will contribute
Apart from discussing other
people’s theories and ideas, the
theoretical framework should aim
to show how your own
project/study fits in.

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 Relevant Theories
A theory is a statement of logical
relationships between facts. It is a set of
interconnected concepts and propositions
presenting a systematic view of phenomena.

theory guides research and organizes its ideas.

the theories should be based on the variables
presented in the problem
after the discussion of every theory, state the
relevance of the theory to the present study
use the primary source

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Types of Theories

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 Levels of Theories
Micro-level theory - seeks to explain
behavior at the level of the individual
or family environment (e.g.
frustration, aggression, role conflict,
etc).

Ex. multiple roles- Theory of Role

Balance

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 Levels of Theories
Meso-level theory seeks to explain
the interactions of micro-level
organizations (e.g. social institutions,
communities, etc).

Ex. experiences of groups and

interaction between them –Social
Interaction Theory

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 Levels of Theories
Macro-level theory seeks to
explain behavior at the level of large
groups of people (e.g. ethnicity,
class, gender, etc)

Ex. interactions between nations or

comparisons across nations-
Multiculturalism Theory

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 Related Literature
Literature review is an integral
component of the scientific process. It
composed of discussions of facts and
principles to which the present study is
related.
provide an introductory paragraph
present first the dependent variables
all variables should be provided with literature
organize the literature on the basis of the
variables
use recent materials
provide transitory paragraph
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Related Literature

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 Approaches in Organizing
Literature Review
1. Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace
the development of the topic over
time. However, if you choose this
strategy, be careful to avoid simply
listing and summarizing sources in
order.

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 Approaches in Organizing
Literature Review
2. Thematic
If you have found some
recurring central themes, you can
organize your literature review
into subsections that address
different aspects of the topic.

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 Approaches in Organizing
Literature Review
3. Methodological
If the researcher draw his
sources from different disciplines
or fields that use a variety
of research methods, he might
want to compare the results and
conclusions that emerge from
different approaches.

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 Outlining Literature
Review
• To group authors who draw similar conclusions,
you can use linking words such as: also,
additionally, again, similarly.
When authors disagree, linking words that
indicate contrast will show how you have
analyzed their work. Words such as: however,
conversely, on the other hand, nonetheless.
At other times, you may want to qualify an
author's work by using such words
as specifically, usually, or generally or use an
example by using words like thus, namely, to
illustrate.

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 Related Studies
These are studies, inquiries or investigations already
conducted to which the present study is related or has some
bearing or similarity.

provide an introductory paragraph

the studies should focus on the IV and DV
state the similarities and differences of the
reviewed studies to the present study
organize the presentation based on the
variables

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 Importance/Functions of
Related Literature and Studies

1. Guide the researcher in searching for or

selecting a better research problem or topic.
2. Help the researcher understand the topic.
3. Ensure that there will be no duplication of
other studies .
4. Help and guide the researcher in locating
more sources of related information.

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 Conceptual Framework

It is a complete presentation of the variables

to be observed in the current study.
It is the ideas defined in a way the researcher
wants.
It is understood in the current research, the
visible indicators or the variables and the
scheme of measuring the variables.
It focuses on the specific variables with
respect to a particular research problem.

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 Examples of
Conceptual Model
Independent Variables Dependent
Variable
Managers’ Productivity in
terms of:
1.1 fiscal management Level of Organizational
1.2 linkages; Effectiveness in terms of:
1.3 research
1.4 community 3.1 employees’
engagements attitude
Employees’ Moral towards work
Integrity based on: 3.2 employee-
2.1 external management
consistency relations
2.2 internal 3.3 company-
coherence community
2.3 moral relation
discernment
2.4 consistent
behavior
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2.5 public justification
 Examples of
Conceptual Model
Employees’ Moral Level of Organizational
Independent Variables
Integrity based on:
Dependent
Effectiveness in terms of:
Variable
2.1 external 3.1 employees’
consistency attitude
2.2 internal towards work
coherence 3.2 employee-
2.3 moral management
discernment relations
2.4 consistent 3.3 company-
behavior community
2.5 public justification relation

ProfileModerating Variable
of the Employees in
terms of:
1.1 age
1.2 gender
1.3 educational
qualification
 Examples of
Conceptual Model

IV DV/IV DV
Level of
Employees’ Moral Organizational
Managers’ Integrity based on: Effectiveness in
Productivity 2.1 external terms of:
in terms of: consistency 3.1 employees’
2.2 internal attitude
1.1 fiscal coherence towards
management 2.3 moral work
1.2 linkages discernment 3.2 employee-
1.3 research 2.4 consistent management
1.4 community behavior relations
engagements 2.5 public 3.3 company-
justification community
relation

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 Conceptual Model
Input Process
Output Presentation and * Identified
Evaluation of the: attributes of
1. attributes of successful
successful entrepreneurs
• Related entrepreneurs * Identified
Literature and strategies of
2. entrepreneurs’
entrepreneurs in
Studies strategies in managing their
managing their business amidst
• R.A. business amidst pandemic
pandemic * Identified ways of
3. ways of LGBT LGBT entrepreneurs
• Code in dealing with
entrepreneurs in
dealing with pitfalls pitfalls to succeed
• IRR to succeed
* Identified future
4. future aspirations aspirations of LGBT
of LGBT entrepreneurs
entrepreneurs

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 Examples of Conceptual Model
Input Process
Output

• Related
Literature
and Studies

• BPO
Guidelines

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TITLE: PLANTING THE SEEDS OF GRATITUDE:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EXTENSION PROGRAM OF
THE UNIVERSITY AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE
BENEFICIARIES
The general problem of the study is: How does the extent
of implementation of the extension program and the quality of
life of beneficiaries be evaluated?
Specifically, the study sought answers to the following
questions.
1. How may the characteristics of the beneficiaries be described
in terms of:
1.1 gender;
1.2 number of years in the community;
1.3 educational attainment; and
1.4 monthly family income?
2. How may the extent of implementation of the extension
program be described in terms of:
1.1 economic;
1.2 social;
1.3 cultural; and
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1.4 environmental?
3. How does the beneficiaries' quality of life be measured in
terms of:
3.1level of life satisfaction on various conditions;
3.2 level of life satisfaction on life condition; and
3.3 level of life satisfaction on health and safety?

4. What are the challenges encountered by the implementers

and beneficiaries in providing and availing of the program?

5. What strategic approach may be proposed to enhance the

program's implementation and uplift the beneficiaries' quality
of life?

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 Input Process
Output Presentation and Evaluation of
the:
1. characteristics of the
beneficiaries in terms of:
1.1 gender
1.2 number of years in the
• Related community • Proposed
1.3 educational attainment
Literature and 1.4 monthly family income strategic
Studies 2. extent of implementation of approach to
the extension program in terms
• Extension of: enhance the
Manual 1.1 economic; extension
1.2 social;
• Need 1.3 cultural; and program's
Assessment 1.4 environmental? implementation
3. beneficiaries' quality of life in
• R.A. terms of: and uplift the
• Code 3.1level of life satisfaction beneficiaries'
on various conditions;
• IRR 3.2 level of life satisfaction quality of life
on life condition; and
3.3 level of life satisfaction
on health and safety?
4. challenges encountered by
the implementers and
beneficiaries in providing and
availing of the program?
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 Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a proposition or an assumption
stating what is to be resolved.

Types of Hypotheses:

1. Null – stated in the negative form

2. Operational – stated in the affirmative form

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 Sample Hypotheses
Research Problem:
Does the managers’ productivity significantly
affect the organizational effectiveness of
telecommunication company?

Null Hypothesis:
The managers’ productivity does not significantly
affect the organizational effectiveness of
telecommunication company.

Affirmative Hypothesis:
The managers’ productivity significantly affect the
organizational effectiveness of telecommunication
company.
 Sample Hypotheses
Research Problem:
Is there significant relationship between the
managers’ productivity and organizational
effectiveness of telecommunication company?

Null Hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship between the
managers’ productivity and organizational
effectiveness of telecommunication company.

Affirmative Hypothesis:
There is significant relationship between the
managers’ productivity and organizational
effectiveness of telecommunication company.
 Sample Hypotheses
Research Problem:
Is there a significant difference in the
managers’ productivity in the respondent
telecommunication companies?

Null Hypothesis:
There is no significant difference between the
managers’ productivity in the respondent
telecommunication companies.

Affirmative Hypothesis:
There is a significant difference between the
managers’ productivity in the respondent
telecommunication companies.
 Sample Hypotheses
Research Problem:
Does the managers’ productivity significantly
affect the organizational effectiveness of
telecommunication company, controlling for the
profile variable.

Null Hypothesis:
The managers’ productivity does not significantly
affect the organizational effectiveness of
telecommunication company, controlling for the profile
variable.

Affirmative Hypothesis:
The managers’ productivity significantly affect the
organizational effectiveness of telecommunication
company, controlling for the profile variable.
 Assumptions
The extension program was
implemented to a great extent and
contributed in improving the quality
of life of the beneficiaries.
 Definition of Variables

all the variables should be defined

the variables should be arranged
alphabetically
definitions could be conceptual
and/or operational