ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

SAWLA CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE
ENGINEERING

HEAT TRANSFER (MEng3192)

Chapter Two
ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE
CONDUCTION

Henok G.
 outline
• The heat diffusion equation
• The plane wall
• Thermal resistance and the overall
heat transfer coefficient
• Radial systems
• Conduction with thermal energy
generation
• Heat transfer from extended
surfaces

2
 2.1. Introduction
• The driving force for any form of heat transfer
is the temp difference.
• Unlike temperature, heat transfer has direction
as well as magnitude and thus it is a vector
quantity.
• Hence coordinate systems can be used to
analyze the direction of heat transfer
• The general accepted convention is that heat
transfer in the positive direction of a coordinate
axis is positive and in the opposite direction it
is negative.
• Therefore, a positive quantity indicates heat
transfer in the positive direction and a negative
3
quantity indicates heat transfer in the negative
 Cont…

FIGURE 2–1 Indicating direction for heat transfer

(positive in the positive direction; negative in the
negative direction).
4
 Cont…

 The temp. at a point in a medium is described

by the location of that point and time t.

 The location of a point can be specified as

(x,y,z) : in rectangular coordinates

(r,Φ,z) : in cylindrical coordinates, and
(r,Φ ,θ) : in spherical coordinates
 Then the temperature at a point (x, y, z) at

time t in rectangular coordinates is expressed

5 as T(x, y, z, t).
 2.1.1 Multidimensional Heat
Transfer
 Depending on the relative magnitudes of heat
transfer rates in different directions and the
level of accuracy desired heat transfer
problems are classified as being:
 One-dimensional,
 Two-dimensional, or
 Three-dimensional,
 In the most general case, heat transfer through
a medium is three-dimensional.
 A heat transfer is said to be one dimensional if
the temperature in the medium varies in one
direction more significantly whereas the
6 variation of temperature and thus the heat
transfer in other directions are negligible.
 Cont…
 Figure below shows the one dimension heat
transfer

FIGURE 2–2 One-dimensional heat transfer in a

7
window glass.
 Cont…

 A heat transfer is said to

be two dimensional if the

temperature in the
medium varies more
significantly in two
directions whereas the
variation of temperature
in the other direction is
FIGURE 2–3 Two-
taken to be negligible. dimensional heat transfer
8
in a long rectangular bar.
 2.2 THE CONDUCTION RATE
EQUATION
Conduction heat transfer obeys Fourier law

which was derived from actual observation.

Consider the object given in fig below

FIGURE 2–4 Conduction in the x-direction

9
 Cont…

 As it is insulated on the lateral side, Conduction heat

transfer will occur along the axial direction only.

 This heat transfer is due to the temperature
difference of the two faces (T1>T2).

 The heat transfer qx will depend on A, Δx and ΔT.

 It is observed that the conduction heat transfer is

proportional to A and ΔT, while it is inversely
proportional to Δx.
 The collective effect can be represented by:
ΔT
qx  A ΔT T1  T2
10
Δx
 Cont…

 The above can be written as an equation using

a proportionality constant k, thermal

conductivity (W/m.K) which is a property of
T
the substance. q x kA x

 To evaluate the heat transfer at any location x,

needs an imposition limit Δx→0 which gives

11
 Cont…

 The negative sign is necessary as the slope

dT/dx is negative since heat is always

q "x in the direction of decreasing
transferred
temperature.
 Heat flux ( ) : is directional and normal to
the isothermal surface having a positive value.
 Fourier’s law can be generalized in three

dimensional representation as:

12
 Cont…

The heat flux vector is in a direction

normal to the isothermal see figure
below:

FIGURE 2–5 The relationship between coordinate

13 system, heat flow direction, and temperature gradient
in a one direction.
 Cont…

The heat flux vector at a point P on this

surface must be perpendicular to the

surface, and it must point in the
direction of decreasing temperature.
If n is the normal of the isothermal

surface at point P,
The rate of heat conduction at that point

14
can be expressed by Fourier’s law as:
 Cont…

See fig below shows that the heat flux

vector normal to the surface.

FIGURE 2–6 Heat flux vector normal to an isothermal

and resolved into its two dimensional components.
15
 Cont…

The heat flux vector can be resolved as:

q " iq "x  jq "y  kq "z

'' T '' T '' T

q  k
x q  k
y q  k
z
x y z

All the above require the assumption

that the thermal conductivity (k) does

not vary with x, y, or z.
Such substances are called isotropic.
16
 2.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
Thermal conductivity is a transport
property on which energy transfer by
diffusion depends on.
''
From Fourier’sklaw q
x  x

(T / x)

Similar definitions follow for ky and kz.

For isotropic materials kx = ky = kz = k.
In general, the thermal conductivity of a
solid is larger than that of a liquid, which
17
is larger than that of a gas.
 Cont…

FIGURE 2–7 Range of thermal conductivity for

various states of matter at normal temperatures
and pressure.
18
 2.2.1 The Solid State
Solids-comprised of free electrons and
atoms bound in a periodic arrangement
called lattice.
Transport of thermal energy is due to: 1)
migration of free electrons and 2) lattice
vibrational waves (when quantized are
termed as phonons analogous to
photons of electromagnetic waves.)
Pure metals electron contribution to
conduction heat transfer dominates.
Non-conductors-the 1 phonon contribution
k  Cc mfp
19
is dominant. 3
 Cont…

For conducting materials C≡Ce, electron

c per unit volume, , mean
specific heat
electron velocity, λmfp ≡ λe, electron mean
free path (the average distance travelled by an
electron).
c
Collision is either with an imperfection or
with a phonon.
In non-conducting solids C≡Cph, phonon
specific heat, -average speed of sound
and λmfp ≡ λph , phonon mean free path.
Thermal conductivity increases as the
20 mean free path of the energy carriers
 Cont…

Pure metals-low ρe, ke is much larger than kph.

1
ke   e: electrical resistivit y
e
Non-metallic solids-k is determined primarily
by kph.
Crystalline (well ordered) materials like
quartz have high kph.
The analysis becomes more complex when
the material’s characteristic dimensions are
of the order of microscale and nanoscale.

21
 Cont…

FIGURE 2–8 Temperature dependence of k for some

22
selected solids.
 2.2.2 The Fluid State
Includes both liquids and gases.
Intermolecular spacing is much larger
Motion of molecules is more random
1
k  cv c mfp
3
Due to the above reasons thermal
energy transport is less effective.
According to kinetic theory of gases k
for gases and liquids is lower.
Because ρ and λmfp are directly and
inversely proportional to the gas
23
pressure, k is independent of pressure
 Cont…
For gases k increases with increasing
temperature and decreasingc molecular
weight (same as )as shown in figure
below.

FIGURE 2–9 The temperature dependence of the thermal

24
conductivity of selected gases at normal pressures.
 2.2.3 Insulation Systems
Consist of low thermal conductivity materials
combined to achieve an even lower system
thermal conductivity.
Conventional forms are fiber-, powder-, and
flake-type insulations, where the solid material is
finely dispersed throughout the air space.
If small voids or hollow spaces are formed by
bonding portions of the solid material, a rigid
matrix is formed. Foamed systems are typical
examples.
Reflective insulations are composed of
multilayered, parallel, thin sheets or foils of high
reflectivity.
25
 2.2.4 Other Relevant Properties
These are in general called thermophysical
properties classified as transport and
thermodynamic properties.
The transport properties are the ones that have
direct effect on momentum, heat and mass
transfer.
These are thermal conductivity, k (for heat
transfer), kinematic viscosity, υ(for momentum
transfer), and diffusion coefficient, D(for mass
transfer).
Extensively used thermodynamic properties are
the density, ρ, and specific heat, cp.
26
 Cont…

The product ρcp (J/m3) is the volumetric

heat capacity. It measures the ability
of a material to store thermal energy.
A very important property termed as
thermal diffusivity and designated by
α is given by k
 2
(m / s)
c

It measures the ability of a material to

conduct thermal energy relative to its
ability to store thermal energy.
27
Large α has quick response to
 2.3 HEAT DIFFUSION
EQUATION
2.3.1 Rectangular Coordinates
Major objective in conduction analysis is
to determine the temperature field
T(x,y,z) in a medium.
This can help to determine:
 Heat flux
 Magnitude of temperature at locations
of interest for determination of thermal
stresses, expansions, and deflections
etc..
28
A differential approach is used to derive
the governing differential equations by
 Cont…

Figure2-10 Differential control volumefor conduction

analysis
23
29
 Cont…

Neglecting higher order terms in Taylor

series, heat transfers across opposite
q x
faces canqbe approximated by:
q 
x  dx dxx
x
q y
q y dy q y  dy
y
q z
q z dz q z  dz
z

E q dx due
Energy generated
g dy dzto internal energy
source:q
30
where : is energy generation rate
 Cont…

Energy storage rate in the differential volume

is:
E  ∂ (c Tdm)  ∂ ( c TdV ) c ∂T dx dy dz
st P P P
∂t ∂t ∂t

Applying conservation of energy requirement

   
E in  E g E out  Est

Substituting the corresponding expressions:

T
q x  q y  q z  q (dx dy dz ) q x dx  q y dy  q z dz  cP dx dy dz
t
Using Taylor’s approximation
q x q y q z
q x  dx q x  dx q y  dy q y  dy q z  dz q z  dz
31 x y z
 Cont…
The Substitution in equation above gives

q x q y q z T
 dx  dy  dz  q dxdydz c p dxdydz
x y z t
Using Fourier’s law:
T T
q x  kAx  k (dydz ) ;
x x
T T
q y  kAy  k (dxdz ) ;
y y
T T
q z  kAz  k (dxdy )
z z
After substitution in the energy balance
   Tequation
   Twill
 result
 T  in T
 k    k    k   dx dy dz  q dx dy dz cP dx dy dz
 x  x  y  y  z  z   t
32
 Cont…
Division by dV=dx dy dz gives: the
general
  Tequation
   T    T  T
k   k   k   q cP
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

In vector form, the above equation

T
.( k T )  q c P
becomes: t

The above is the heat diffusion equation

whose solution gives T(x,y,z,t). For

and
constant k, the equation simplifies to:
k
33 Where:  is thermal diffusivity
cP
 Cont…

Under steady state condition (∂T/∂t=0), the

general equation reduces to
  T    T    T 
k   k   k   q 0
x  x  y  y  z  z 
For a one-dimensional heat transfer with
no heat generation the above equation
reduces to
d  dT 
k  0
dx  dx 

With no heat
" generation, steady state
dq
assumption
x gives
0 or q "x cons tan t
34
dx
 Cont…
Example 2.1 : The temperature distribution across a
wall 1 m thick at a certain instant of time is given as:
T(x) = a + bx + cx2
Where : T is in K and x is in meters,
While a= - 900 K, b= -300 K/m, and c = -50
K/m2.
q x''
 A uniform heat generation, = 1000 w/m3is
present in the wall of area 10 m2 having the properties
ρ = 1600 kg/m3, k = 40 W/m.K, and cP = 4 kJ/kg.K.
a. Determine the rate of heat transfer entering the wall
(x=0) and leaving the wall (x=1m).
b. Determine the rate of change of energy storage in the
wall
c. Determine the time rate of temperature change at x =
35
0, 0.25, and 0.5 m.
 Cont…

36 Figure for example 2.1

 2.3.2 Cylindrical Coordinates
 When the heat transfer problem involves
cylindrical objects such as pipes, the equation
in cylindrical coordinates will be more
convenient for analysis.
 Referring to the figure below

37 Figure 2-11: Differential control volume in

 Cont…
T T T
q r   k ( rddz) q   k (dz dr) q z   k (r d dr)
r r z
q r q r q z
q r  dr q r  dr q   d q  rd q z  dz q z  dz
r r z
dV  rd dr dz
 Substituting the above equations in the energy
balance equation gives the general equation:

1   T  1   T    T  T
 kr  2  k    k   q cP
r r  r  r     z  z  t
 For constant k, the equation becomes

1 ∂  ∂T  1 ∂  ∂T  ∂  ∂T  q 1 ∂T
r  2      
38
r ∂r  ∂r  r ∂  ∂  ∂z  ∂z  k  ∂t
 2.3.3 Spherical Coordinates
 If heat transfer involves spherical shapes then
the conduction heat transfer equations in
spherical coordinates will be convenient for
analysis.
 The spherical differential control volume is
shown figure below.

39 Figure 2-12: Differential control volume in

 Cont…

 Substituting the above equations in the energy

balance equation gives the general equation:
1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
 r k   
 k 
   sin  k   
q  C p
2
r r  r  r sin      r sin   
2 2 2
  t

For constant k, the conduction equation in

spherical coordinates becomes
1   2 T  1   T  1   T  q 1 T
r  2 2    2  sin   
r r  r  r sin      r sin   
2
  k  t

1  2  1     1    
 sin 
2
  2 r  2 2    2 
r r  r  r sin      r sin     
40
 2.4 BOUNDARY AND INITIAL
CONDITIONS
The complete solution of the heat equation
requires the state at the boundaries and if the
situation is time dependent, initial condition
will be required.
Since the heat equation is a second order in
spatial coordinates, two boundary conditions
must be expressed for each coordinate needed
to describe the system. As the equation is also
first order in time, one initial condition must be
satisfied.
Three kinds of boundary conditions commonly
encountered in heat transfer are:
41
 Cont…

1. Constant Surface Temperature:- The

surface is maintained at a fixed
temperature at any time.
T(0,t) = Ts
This is termed as Dirichlet condition or
boundary condition of the first kind. This
is closely approximated by surfaces in
contact with phase changing fluids.
2. Constant Surface Heat Flux:- This heat
flux related'' to the  T
temperature
q x ( 0)   k q s'' gradient
x @ x 0 as
at the surface is expressed
42
 Cont…

This is termed as Neumann condition or

boundary condition of the second kind.
This may be realized by bonding a thin film
electric heater to the surface or allowing
solar radiation on the surface.
A special case is a perfectly insulated
surface, or adiabatic surface where
(∂T/∂x)x=0 = 0.
3. Boundary condition of the third kind
involves T
 k convectiveh[Theat transfer at
  T ( 0, t )]
x @ x(cooling
the surface 0 or heating)
43
expressed as
 2.4. The plane wall
2.4.1. The Thermal Resistance Concept )
 Heat conduction through a plane wall can be
rearranged as

Where :

 Rwall = is the thermal resistance of the wall

against heat conduction Or simply know as

conduction resistance of the wall.
 Note that thermal resistance of a medium
44
depends on the
 Cont…

 Heat flow equation : is analogous to the

relation for electric current flow I , and it is

expressed as:

 Where :

= is the electric resistance

= is the voltage difference
across the resistance
= is the electrical conductivity
45
 Cont…

FIGURE 2–11: Analogy between thermal and electrical

46 resistance concepts
 Cont…

 Newton’s law of cooling for convection heat

transfer rate
can be rearranged as:

Where:

 Rconv = is the thermal resistance of the

surface against heat convention. or simply the

convection resistance of the surface .
47
 Cont…

FIGURE 2–12 : Schematic for convection resistance at a

48 surface
 Cont…

 Thermal resistance for radiation heat transfer is

expressed as:

Where :

 Rrad = is the thermal of a surface against radiation

= or the Radiation resistance, and

 Where:

 Where: hrad = is the Radiation heat transfer coefficient

49
 Cont…

 For a surface exposed to both convection and

radiation, the heat transfer coefficient is known

as combined heat transfer coefficient.
 And it is expressed as:

FIGURE 2–13 :
Schematic for combined
heat transfer resistance
at a surface

50
 2.4.1.1. Thermal Resistance Network
 Let’s consider steady one-dimensional heat

flow through a plane wall of thickness L, area A

and thermal conductivity k.
 And also exposed to convection on both sides

of the wall at fluid temperatures of

and with heat transfer coefficients h1 and h2
respectively. Figure 2-14: The thermal
resistance network for heat
transfer through a plane wall
51
subjected convection on both
 Cont…

 Under steady conditions we have:

 Or

 Which can be rearranged as :

52
 Cont…
 Adding the numerators and denominators
yields:

Where :

 It is sometimes convenient to express heat

transfer through a medium in an analogous

manner to Newton’s law of cooling as:

 Where : U = is the overall heat Transfer

53
Coefficient
 Cont…

 Fig below shows as the thermal resistance

network for heat transfer through a two-layer

plane wall subjected to convection on both sides.

54
 Example 2.2

Consider a 0.8m high and 1.5m wide glass window

with a thickness of 8mm and thermal conductivity
of k=0.78 W/m.ᴼC.

Determine:

a) The steady rate of heat transfer through this

glass window and

b) The temperature of its inner surface for a day

during which the room is maintained at 20ᴼc
while the temperature of the outdoors is -10ᴼc .
55
(Take the heat transfer coefficient on the inner and
 Cont…

Fig for example 2.2

56
 Example 2.3

Consider a 0.8m high and 1.5m wide double -pane

window consisting of two 4mm-thick layers of
glass (k=0.78 W/m .ᴼC.) separated air space
(k=0.026 W/m .ᴼC).

Determine:

a) The steady rate of heat transfer through this

double-pane window and

b) The temperature of its inner surface for a day

during which the room is maintained at 20ᴼc while

57
the temperature of the outdoors is -10ᴼc .
 Cont…

 Fig for example 2.3

58
 2.5. Radial system
 Consider a long cylindrical layer (such as a circular pipe) of
inner radius r1,
outer radius r2, length L, and average thermal conductivity
k.
 The two surfaces of the cylindrical layer are maintained at
constant temperatures T1 and T2. There is no heat
generation in the layer and the thermal conductivity is
constant.
 For one-dimensional heat conduction through the
cylindrical layer, we have T(r). Then Fourier’s law of heat
conduction for heat transfer through the cylindrical layer
can be expressed as

where A = 2πrL is the heat transfer area at location r.

Note that A depends on r, and thus it varies in the direction
of heat transfer
59
 Cont.…
 Separating the variables in the above equation
and integrating from r=r1, where T(r1) =T1, to
r= r2, where T(r2) = T2, gives

is the thermal resistance of the cylindrical layer

60 against heat conduction, or simply the
 Cont.…

We can repeat the analysis above for a

spherical layer by taking A = 4 π and
performing the integrations in above Eq.
The result can be expressed as

is the thermal resistance of the

spherical layer against heat conduction,
61
or simply the conduction resistance of the
spherical layer.
 Cont.…

 Now consider steady one-dimensional heat

flow through a cylindrical or spherical layer
that is exposed to convection on both sides to
fluids at temperatures and with heat transfer
coefficients h1 and h2, respectively, as shown
in Fig. below.
 The thermal resistance network in this case
consists of one conduction and two convection
resistances in series, just like the one for the
plane wall, and the rate of heat transfer under
steady conditions can be expressed as


62
 Cont.…

 Note that A in the convection resistance relation

Rconv=1/hA is the surface area at which convection
occurs.
 It is equal to A=2πrL for a cylindrical surface and A=4π
for a spherical surface of radius r.
 Also note that the thermal resistances are in series, and
thus the total thermal resistance is determined by simply
adding the individual resistances, just like the electrical
resistances connected in series
 Steady heat transfer through multilayered cylindrical or
spherical shells can be handled just like multilayered
plane walls discussed earlier by simply adding an
additional resistance in series for each additional layer.
 For example, the steady heat transfer rate through the
three-layered composite cylinder of length L shown in Fig.
below with convection on both sides can be expressed as

63
 Cont.…

64
 Cont.…

The above Equation can also be used for a

three-layered spherical shell by replacing
the thermal resistances of cylindrical
Q by the corresponding spherical ones.
layers
Once is known, we can determine Q any
intermediate temperature Tj by applying
the relation = (Ti -Tj)/Rtotal,i-j across any
layer or layers such that Ti is a known
temperature at Q location i and Rtotal, i j is the
total thermal resistance between locations i
and j.
For example, once has been calculated,
65 the interface temperature T2 between the
 Cont.…

 Although both relations will give the same result, we

prefer the first one since it involves fewer terms and
thus less work.
 The thermal resistance concept can also be used for
other geometries, provided that the proper conduction
66 resistances and the proper surface areas in convection
resistances are used.
 Example 2.4
 Steam at 320°C flows in a stainless steel pipe (k = 15
W/m · °C) whose inner and outer diameters are 5 cm and
5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-thick
glass
wool insulation (k = 0.038 W/m · °C). Heat is lost to the
surroundings at 5°C by natural convection and radiation,
with a combined natural convection and radiation heat
transfer coefficient of 15 W/m2 · °C.

Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be

80 W/m2 · °C, determine the rate of heat loss from the
steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the
temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation

67
 Solution

68
 Cont.…

Example 2.5
In Example 1.7, we calculated the heat loss rate from
a human body in air and water environments. Now
we consider the same conditions except that the
surroundings (air or water) are at 10 oC To reduce the
heat loss rate, the person wears special sporting
gear (snow suit and wet suit) made from a
nanostructured silica aerogel insulation with an
extremely low thermal conductivity of 0.04 W/m.K
The emissivity of the outer surface of the snow and
wet suits ε= 0.95. What thickness of aerogel
insulation is needed to reduce the heat loss rate to
100 W (a typical metabolic heat generation rate) in
air and water. What are the resulting skin
temperatures?
69
 Cont.…

Figure for Example 2.5

70
 2.6 Heat Transfer From Extended
Surfaces
 The rate of heat transfer from a surface at temperature

Ts to the surrounding medium at T∞ is given by:

 When Ts and T∞ are fixed by design consideration ,

 There are two ways to increase the rate of heat transfer :

1. To increase the convection heat transfer coefficient

h. or
2. To increase the surface area
 Increasing h may require the installation of a pump or

71
fan, or replacing the existing one with a larger one.
 Cont…

 The alternative is to increase the surface area

by attaching to the surface extended surface

called fins.
 Fins are made of highly conductive material

such aluminum.
 Fins surface are manufactured by extruding,

welding, or wrapping a thin metal sheet on a

surface.
72  Fins enhance heat transfer from a surface by
 Cont…

Figure 2-15: Some innovative fin design figures:

73
 Cont…

 The material for fins are selected on the basis of the

following properties:
high thermal conductivity,
light-weight, castability and
corrosion resistant.
 Types of fins:
 Straight fins(to the surface of the body and in
parallel directions),
 Radial fins( fitted on the cylindrical surface),
 Annular fins (annular shape fixed on the periphery
of the cylindrical body)and
 Pin fin(have a lower cross-section area but in this
case the surface area exposed to the convection is
more)
74
 2.6.1 Application of fins
Based on the purpose of fins, to increase
the rate of convective heat transfer, the
fins are used in the following applications:
1. Radiator used in automobile
2. On engine surface in bikes
3. Compressors
4. Condensers on refrigerators or AC
5. On electric transformers
6. On electric motor
7. other electric and electronic components

75
 2.6.2. Fin equation
 Consider a volume element of a fin at a location x

having a length of Dx, of cross sectional area Ac,

and parameter P, as shown in fig below:

76
 Cont…

 Under steady conditions, the energy balances

on this volume element can be expressed as:

Or

Where:

 Substituting and dividing by ∆x, we obtain.

77
 Cont…

 Taking the limit as gives as:

 From the Fourier's law of heat conduction we

have:

 Where Ac is the cross sectional area of the fin

78 at location x.
 Cont…

 Substitution of this relation into above equation

gives the differential equation governing heat

transfer in fins,

 In the special case of constant cross section

and constant thermal conductivity, the

differential equation above reduces to

79
 Where: and ϴ = T - T∞
 Cont…

80
81
82
83
 In idealized situation, the fin should be at the
same temperature as the base temperature
84 Qmax = hAf (Tb - T∞)
 Cont…

Figure 2-15: Efficiency of circular, rectangular, and

triangular fins on a plain surface of width w
85
 Cont…
When determining the rate of heat transfer
from a finned surface, we must consider
the unfinned portion of the surface as well
as the fins.
Therefore, the rate of heat transfer for a
surface containing n fins can be expressed
as

86
 Example 2.6
A hot surface at 100°C is to be cooled by
attaching 3-cm-long, 0.25-cm-diameter
aluminum pin fins (k = 237 W/m · °C) to it,
with a center-to-center distance of 0.6 cm.

The temperature of the surrounding medium

is 30°C, and the heat transfer coefficient on
the surfaces is 35 W/m2 · °C. Determine the
rate of heat transfer from the surface for a
1-m 1-m section of the plate. Also determine
the overall effectiveness of the fins

87
 Solution

88
 References
1. Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt,
Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer,
5th Edition,Aug 9, 2001.
2. Yunus A. Cengel, Heat and Mass Transfer:
A Practical Approach w/ EES CD, Jan 4,
2006.
3. Holman J P, Heat Transfer, Oct 10,
2001.

89
 End of chapter two

Next Lecture:
TWO DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE CONDUCTION

90