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The document discusses the properties and characteristics of normal distributions, including the standard normal distribution and its applications. It explains the Central Limit Theorem, which states that the distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases. Various examples illustrate the use of normal distribution in real-world scenarios, such as spending habits and vehicle ages.

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12 views23 pages

Copy Normal Dist

The document discusses the properties and characteristics of normal distributions, including the standard normal distribution and its applications. It explains the Central Limit Theorem, which states that the distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution as sample size increases. Various examples illustrate the use of normal distribution in real-world scenarios, such as spending habits and vehicle ages.

Uploaded by

k214525
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLT and Normal dist

Normal / Gaussian Distribution


Shapes of Normal Distribution
Properties of Normal Distribution
• A normal distribution is bell-shaped, symmetric and unimodal.
• Mean = Median = Mode
• The curve never touches the x axis. Theoretically, no matter how far in
either direction the curve extends, it never meets the x axis—but it gets
increasingly closer.
• The total area under a normal distribution curve is equal to 1.00, or
100%.
• The area under the part of a normal curve that lies within 1 standard
deviation of the mean is approximately 0.68, or 68%; within 2 standard
deviations, about 0.95, or 95%; and within 3 standard deviations, about
0.997, or 99.7%.
The Standard Normal Distribution
• The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
• The formula for the standard normal distribution is:

• All normally distributed variables can be transformed into the


standard normally distributed variable by using the formula for the
standard score:
Areas under the standard Normal Curve
Example 01
a. Find the area to the left of z = 2.06
b. Find the area to the right of z = -1.19
c. Find the area between z = 1.68 and z = -1.37
Example 01 (Contd.)
Example # 02

• Find the z value such that the area under


the standard normal distribution curve b/w
0 and the z value is 0.2123.
Example # 03:
Example # 04:
Example # 05

(a) In the standard normal distribution, find the values of z for


the 75th, 80th, and 92nd percentiles.
Example # 06 – 07
• Summer Spending: A survey found that women spend on average $146.21
on beauty products during the summer months. Assume the standard
deviation is $29.44. Find the percentage of women
who spend less than $160.00. Assume the variable is normally.
• Monthly Newspaper Recycling: Each month, an American household
generates an average of 28 pounds of newspaper for garbage or recycling.
Assume the standard deviation is 2 pounds. If a household is selected at
random, find the probability of its generating:

a. Between 27 and 31 pounds per month


b. More than 30.2 pounds per month
Example # 08 – 10
• Coffee Consumption: Americans consume an average of 1.64 cups of coffee
per day. Assume the variable is approximately normally distributed with a
standard deviation of 0.24 cup. If 500 individuals are selected, approximately
how many will drink less than 1 cup of coffee per day?
• Police Academy Qualifications: To qualify for a police academy, candidates
must score in the top 10% on a general abilities test. The test has a mean of
200 and a standard deviation of 20. Find the lowest possible score to qualify.
Assume the test scores are normally distributed
• Find K: Given a standard normal distribution, find the value of k such that
(a) P (Z > k) = 0.3015 and
(b) P (k < Z < -0.18) = 0.4197.
Example # 11
• In an industrial process, the diameter of a ball bearing is an
important measurement. The buyer sets specifications for the
diameter to be 3.0 ± 0.01 cm. The implication is that no part
falling outside these specifications will be accepted. It is known
that in the process the diameter of a ball bearing has a normal
distribution with mean μ = 3.0 and standard deviation σ = 0.005.
On average, how many manufactured ball bearings will be
scrapped?
Example # 12
• Gauges are used to reject all components for which a
certain dimension is not within the specification 1.50 ±
d. It is known that this measurement is normally
distributed with mean 1.50 and standard deviation 0.2.
Determine the value d such that the specifications
“cover” 95% of the measurements.
Example # 01
(Sampling distribution of sample means)
Central Limit Theorem
As the sample size n increases without limit, the shape of the distribution of
the sample means taken with replacement from a population with mean µ
and standard deviation σ will approach a normal distribution. As previously
shown, this distribution will have a mean µ and a standard deviation

• If the sample size is sufficiently large, the central limit theorem can be
used to answer questions about sample means in the same manner that a
normal distribution can be used to answer questions about individual
values. The only difference is that a new formula must be used for the z
values. It is
Central Limit Theorem (Contd.)
• It’s important to remember two points when you use the central limit
theorem:
1. When the original variable is normally distributed, the
distribution of the sample means will be normally distributed, for
any sample size n.
2. When the distribution of the original variable might not be
normal, a sample size of 30 or more is needed to use a normal
distribution to approximate the distribution of the sample
means. The larger the sample, the better the approximation will
be.
Example # 02
• Hours That Children Watch Television: A. C. Neilsen reported that children
between the ages of 2 and 5 watch an average of 25 hours of television per
week. Assume the variable is normally distributed and the standard
deviation is 3 hours. If 20 children between the ages of 2 and 5 are
randomly selected, find the probability that the mean of the number of
hours they watch television will be greater than 26.3 hours.
• Age of Vehicle: The average age of a vehicle registered in the United States
is 8 years, or 96 months. Assume the standard deviation is 16 months. If a
random sample of 36 vehicles is selected, find the probability that the
mean of their age is between 90 and 100 months
Example 3
Summary of formulas
Finite Population Correction Factor
• The formula for the standard error of the mean is accurate when the samples are
drawn with replacement Or are drawn without replacement from a very large or
infinite population.
• Since sampling with replacement is for the most part unrealistic, a correction
factor is necessary for computing the standard error of the mean for samples
drawn without replacement from a finite population.

where N is the population size and n is the sample size.

• This correction factor is necessary if relatively large samples are taken from
a small population, because the sample mean will then more accurately
estimate the population mean and there will be less error in the estimation.

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