Engineering Mechanics

Nanjunda K N
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
REVA University
Engineering Mechanics: Forces and Classification, analysis of concurrent
force systems and non-concurrent force systems- resultants. Types of
loads, supports and beams. Numerical problems on beams: Calculation
of support reactions with point load, uniformly distributed load and
moments.
Load applications and analysis: To visualize the load distribution, shear
force, bending moments and deflections of statically determinate beams
using Staad Pro/MS Excel.
The branch of physics that deals with state of rest or of uniform
motion of bodies under the action of forces is termed as mechanics.

Application of laws of mechanics to field problems is termed as

Engineering Mechanics.

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It is an external agency which tends to change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of a body in a straight line.
The S.I unit of force is Newton(N)

PUSH PULL
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCES

POINT Of
MAGNITUDE DIRECTION LINE Of ACTION APPLICATION
Characteristics of a force

These are ones, which help in understanding a force completely, representing a force and also
distinguishing one force from one another.

A force is a vector quantity. It has four important characteristics, which can be listed as
follows.
1. Magnitude: It can be denoted as 10 N.

2. Point of application: It indicates the point on the body on which the force acts. (point at
which force acts )
3. Line of action: The line along which the force acts
Force system
• When a mechanics problem or system has more than one force
acting, it is known as a 'force system' or 'system of force'.

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 SYSTEM OF FORCES
• When several forces of different magnitude and direction act upon a body, they
constitute a system of forces.
System of
forces

Coplana Collinea
Non-coplanar
r r

Non- Concurren Non-concurrent Concurrent

concurrent t

Paralle Non- Paralle Non-

l Parallel l Parallel

Unlik Unlik
Like Like
e e

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SYSTEM OF FORCES - CONTD..

 If the line of action of all forces lie along a single line then it is called a collinear
force systems.

 If all the forces in a system lie in a single plane, it called coplanar force system.

 If the line of action of all the forces in a system pass through a single point, it is
called a concurrent force system.

 In a system of parallel forces all the forces are parallel to each other.

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SYSTEM OF FORCES-CONTD..
Sl.No Force System Characteristics Representation
1 Collinear forces Line of action of all the forces act
along the same line

Tug of war

2 Coplanar Line of action of all the forces lie on a

single plane

3 Non-Coplanar Line of action of all the forces are not

lie on a single plane

4 Concurrent Line of action of all forces passes

through a single point

5 Non-concurrent Line of action of all forces do not pass

through single point

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SYSTEM OF FORCES-CONTD..
Sl.No Force System Characteristics Representation
1 Parallel forces Line of action of all the forces are
parallel to each other

System of forces acting on a beam subjected to vertical

loads-Coplanar parallel forces

2 Non-Parallel Line of action of all forces are not

parallel to each other

3 Non-Coplanar Line of action of all forces are

concurrent concurrent but does not lie on same
plane

4 Non-coplanar Non-concurrent but parallel

parallel
forces(non-
concurrent)
5 Non-Coplanar non Non-concurrent and non parallel
concurrent non
parallel 15
SYSTEM OF FORCES - CONTD..

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Moment of a force
The turning effect produced by a force on a body is known as the
moment of the force.
The magnitude of the moment is given by the product of the
magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance between the
line of action of the force and the point or axis of rotation.
Moment = Force X Perpendicular Distance
M=FXd
Types of moments
• Clockwise Moment (Positive) • Anticlockwise Moment (Negative)
If the tendency of a force is to If the tendency of a force is to rotate
rotate the body in the clockwise the body in the anticlockwise
direction, it is said to be a direction, it is said to be
clockwise moment and is taken anticlockwise moment and is taken
positive negative
Calculate the moment of force
about ‘A’ for the 50 kN force
shown in the figure.
50Sin45 50 kN

1.41 m 50cos45
D

M= F X d

M = - 50Sin45 x (1.6+1.41) + 50Cos45 x 0

M = -106.4 kN-m

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Resolution of a force
It is defined as the process of splitting up the given force into a number
of components, without changing its effect on the body is called
resolution of a force. A force is, generally, resolved along two mutually
perpendicular directions.
Considering triangle ABC

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Resultant force
Composition of Forces. Net force is the overall force acting on an
object when all the individual forces acting on the object are added
together.

Consider the triangle OAC

R2 = P2 + Q2

R=

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A force of 200 N is acting at a point making an angle of 40° with the
horizontal plane as shown in figure. Determine the components of this
force along the x and y directions.
Solution

Component along the x-direction,

Component along the y-direction

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Determine the component of weight of the body shown in figure along
inclined plane (x’ and y’ axes).
Solution:
Horizontal force is resolved along inclined plane
Fx’ = – 1.5 x sin 400
Fx’= – 0.96 kN (←)
Vertical force is resolved along perpendicular to inclined plane

Fy’ = – 1.5 x cos 400

= – 1.15 kN 23
Composition of Co-Planner concurrent force
system

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= Algebraic sum of the component forces along Y-axis.

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• Find the resultant for the system of forces shown in figure.

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Solution:

= -29.54 N

Resultant force lies in 2nd quadrant

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Composition of Coplanar
Non – concurrent forces
Resultant of Non – Concurrent force systems

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Continued…..

• Algebraic sum of components of the forces along X – axis

F1+ F2 Cos ɵ1 + F4 Sin ɵ2
• Algebraic sum of components of the forces along Y – axis
- F2 sin ɵ1 – F3 + F4 Cos ɵ2

• PTO
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Equilibrium:
when a stationary body is subjected to external forces and if the body
remains in the state of rest under the action of Forces, it is said to be in
equilibrium.
Equilibrium of forces:
Any system of forces acting on a body are said to be in equilibrium
when the resultant of all forces is zero and algebraic sum of moments
of all the forces is zero.

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Equations of equilibrium for different force system
• Coplanar concurrent force system

Moment is already zero

• Coplanar non- concurrent force system

• Non Coplanar force system

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 Text Books / Reference Books:

• M.N. Shesha Prakash and Ganesh.B. Mogaveer, “Elements of Civil Engineering

and Engineering Mechanics”, PHI Learning, 3rd Revised edition.
• S. S. Bhavikatti, “Elements of Civil Engineering”, New Age International Publisher,
New Delhi, 3rd edition 2009.

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Thank
You