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Perkuliahan Geo - Pertemuan Ke-2

The document presents axioms and theorems related to points and lines in Euclidean geometry, including the Point-Line Incidence Axiom and the Ruler Axiom. It defines key concepts such as the distance between points, congruence of segments, and the properties of rays and angles. Additionally, it discusses Pasch’s Separation Axiom and various theorems regarding segment extension and midpoints.

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Sri Suryanti
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8 views14 pages

Perkuliahan Geo - Pertemuan Ke-2

The document presents axioms and theorems related to points and lines in Euclidean geometry, including the Point-Line Incidence Axiom and the Ruler Axiom. It defines key concepts such as the distance between points, congruence of segments, and the properties of rays and angles. Additionally, it discusses Pasch’s Separation Axiom and various theorems regarding segment extension and midpoints.

Uploaded by

Sri Suryanti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Axioms for Eulidean Geometry

Dr. Agung Lukito, M. Sc.


Dr. Sri Suryanti, M. Si.
Jumat, 20 September 2024
Axioms About Points on
Lines
Axiom 1: The Point-Line Incidence
Axiom.
Given any two different points, there is exactly one line which contains them.

Theorem 1.1: Two lines cross in at most one


point.
Axiom 2: Ruler Axiom
For any line, there exists a 1-1 correspondence f between the points of the line and the
real numbers. This means:

1.Every point A on the line has a number f(A) associated with it.
2.Different points have different numbers associated with them.
3.Every number, positive or negative, has some point to which it is associated.

The function f is called the ruler function for that line. The
number f(A) is called the coordinate of A.
Definitions: Let A, B. and C be three points on a line and f be
the ruler function for that line.

1. We say B is between A and C if either f(A)<f(B)<f(C) or


f(C)<f(B)<f(A). We write A-B-C to indicate that B is between A and
C. C-B-A is the same as A-B-C.
2. The segment from A to B, denoted AB, is defined to be the set
consisting of A, B, and all points X where A-X-B.
3. The distance from A to B is defined to be |f(B) − f(A)| and we
denote this distance by AB. Note that if A and B designate the
same point, AB = 0.
4. If AB = CD, then the segments AB and CD are called congruent.
Theorem 1.2:
1. AB = BA
2. If A-B-C, then AB + BC = AC
3. If A, B, C are three different points on a line,
exactly one of them is between the other two.
Theorem 1.3: Extendibility

If A and B are any two points, then the segment AB can be


extended by any
positive distance on either side of segment AB (Figure 1.1).
Theorem 1.4: The Midpoint
Theorem
Every segment has a midpoint. That is, for any points
A and B, there is a point M on segment AB so that AM
= (1/2)AB.
Definition: If A and B are distinct points, the ray from A
through B, denoted AB, is the set of all points C on line
AB, such that A is not between B and C. We call A the
endpoint of the ray.

Theorem 1.5: AB consists of


segment AB together with all points X
where A-B-X. ■
Definition: Let A, B, and C be points not on the
same line. AB ∪ AC is called the angle BAC and
denoted as ∠BAC (Figure 1.4). We may also
denote this angle as ∠CAB.
Axiom 3: Pasch’s Separation Axiom
for a Line
Given a line L in the plane, the points in the plane which are not on L form
two sets, H1 and H2, called half-planes, so that:
a. if A and B are points in the same half-plane, then AB lies wholly in that
half-plane.
b. if A and B are points not in the same half-plane, then AB inter- sects L.

H1 and H2 are also called sides of L. L is called the boundary line of


H1 and H2.
Definition: Let A, B, and C be three non-collinear points, as in Figure
1.5
(this means that there is no line which contains all three of them).
Let HB
be the half-plane determined by AC, which contains B. Let HC be the
half-plane determined by AB, which contains C. The inside or interior
of ∠BAC is defined to be HB ∩ HC.
Theorem 1.6: If a ray AB has endpoint A on line L, but
B does not lie on L, then all points of the ray, except for
A, lie on the same side of L as B.
Theorem 1.7: If A, B, and C are not
collinear and
1. A-C-D
2. B-M-C
3. A-M-E
then, E is in the interior of ∠BCD.

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