Calculus

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 Arrangements for the course
 Teaching hours: 64 hrs (4hrs/wk, 16 weeks)
 Self-Study hours: 2 times above (8hrs/wk)
 TA platform: Textbook, extra materials, also

for attendance, for submit your homeworks,

etc
 No acceptance for late submission!
 Zero tolerance for cheating (homeworks,

exams) No Scholarship!

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 Study Tips (Good habits)
 Read before you attend class
 List three questions you don’t understand

 Attend the lecture regularly, and taking

handwritten notes
 Do a lot of exercises (including Optionals)
 “Practice makes perfect”
 Ask Questions

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 Calculus

 Calculus is a branch of mathematics that has tremendous

application and is phenomenally vast. It is essentially
covered in two segments namely differential caculus and
integral calculus.

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 Chapter 1
Functions

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 1.1
Review of Functions

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 Figure 1.1

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 A function is defined by three elements:

 A domain: The set of numbers which may be '' fed into the machine''.

 A range: The set of numbers that may be '' emitted by the machine''.

 A transformation rule: The crucial point is that to every number in its

domain corresponds one and only one number in its range.

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 Example 1 Determine if each of the following are functions.
2
(a) y x 1
2
(b) y x  1
Solution
(a) The first one is a function. No matter what values of x you put into
the equation, there is only one possible value of y .

(b) It is not a function. Choose a value of x ， say x 3 and plug this

into the equation. y 2 3  1 4 . Now there are two possible values of y
that we could use here. We could use y 2 or y  2 . Since there are two
possible values of y that we get from a single x this equation is not a
function.

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 Graphs
We can associate every function a graph. What is a graph? A graph has to
be thought of as a subset of the plane. For a function f , we denfine the
graph of f to be the set

{( x, y ) : x  D, y  f ( x)}

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 Careful!, not all graphs are
functions!, e.g what is f(7) ?

The requirement that a function assigns a unique value of the dependent

variable to
The requirement that a function assigns a unique value of
each value in the domain is expressed in the vertical line test

the dependent variable to each value in the domain is

expressed in the vertical line test

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 Figure 1.2

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 Figure 1.3 (a)

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 Figure 1.3 (b)

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 Figure 1.3 (c)

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 Figure 1.3 (d)

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 Recall that, the domain of a function is the set of all values that can be
plugged into a function and have the function exist. So, for the domain we
need to avoid division by zero, square roots of negative numbers,
logarithms of zero and logarithms of negative numbers, etc. The range of
a function is simply the set of all possible values that a function can take.

Example 2 Find the domain and range of each of the following

functions.
2
(a) f ( x) x  1

2
(b) g (t )  4  t

1
(c) h(u ) 
u 1

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 Figure 1.4

domain: ( ,)

range : [1,)

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 Figure 1.5
domain : [ 2,2]
range : [0,2]

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 Figure 1.6
domain: {u : u 1}
range: {w : w 0}

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 Composite Functions

Functions may be combined using sums ( f ,gdifferences

) ( f ,products
g)
( fg )
, or quotients . The process
( f / g ) called composition also produces new
functions.

 In the composition y  f ( g ( x)) , f is called the outer function and g is the

inner function.

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 1
Example Let f ( x) 3x 2  x and g ( x)  , find f(g(x)) and g(f(x)).
x

Example Given f ( x) 3 x and g ( x)  x  x  6 , find g  f and g  g .

2

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 Figure 1.13 (a)

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 Figure 1.13 (b)

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 Figure 1.13 (c)

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 Identifying symmetry in functions

Example Identify the symmetry, if any, in the following functions.

(a) f ( x) x 4  2 x 2  20

(b) g ( x)  x 3  3x  1

1
(c) h( x) 
x3  x

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 Figure 1.14

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 Figure 1.15

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 Figure 1.16

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 1.2
Representing Functions

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 We consider four different approaches to definging and representing
functions:

 formulas
 graphs
 tables
 words

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 Using formulas
n n 1
 Polynomials: f ( x) an x  an  1 x    a1 x  a0 , where the coefficients
a0 , a1 , an are real numbers.
 Rational functions: f ( x)  p( x) / q( x) where p ( x), q ( x) are
polynomials
 Algebraic functions: constructed using the operations of algebras:
addition, substraction, multiplication,
3 division and roots. e.g.
f ( x)  2 x  4

f ( x) b x b 1
 Exponential functions: f ( x) log where b is0 a positive
b 1 real
b x
number
 Logarithmic functions: where and
 Trigonometic functions: sin x, cos x, tan x, cot x, sec x, csc x

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 Linear functions

The equation of a line is

y mx  b
where the slope m and the y-intercept b are constants. This function has a
straight-line graph and is called linear function.

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 Piecewise functions

Functions have different definitions on different part of the domain are

called piecewise functions.

If all of the pieces are linear, the function is piecewise linear.

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 Example Find a formula for the following piecewise linear function.

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 Example Graphing piecewise functions

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 Example Graph the absolute value function

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 Power functions

Power functions are a special case of polynomials

f ( x) x n
where n is a positive integer.

 when n is even, the function values are non-negative and the graph
passes through the origin, opening upward.

 where n is an odd integer, the function has values that are positive
when x is positive and negative when x is negative.

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 when n is an even integer

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 when n is odd

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 Root functions

Root functions are a special case of algebraic functions.

f ( x)  x1/ n
where n>1 is a positive integer.

 when n is even, the domain and range consists of nonnegative

numbers. Their graphs begin steeply at at the origin and then flatten
out as x increases.
 when n is odd, the domain and range consists of all real numbers.

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 when n is even

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 when n is odd

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 1.3
Trigonometric Functions

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 Figure 1.45 (a) & (b)

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 Figure 1.46

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 Figure 1.47

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 Figure 1.48

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 Figure 1.51 (a) & (b)

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 Figure 1.52 (a) & (b)

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