CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

COURSE CODE: M2020_CT2605

Guided by: Teaching Associates:

Prof. Bhargav Tewar Chinmyee Dave
Shivam Soni
INTRODUCTION
 H ISTORY
The history of construction consists of one innovation after another, and brick
by brick we have arrived at the industry we know today.

• Building activities are as old as humans themselves.

• Construction Technology is not restricted to buildings but also includes the
construction of civil engineering and infrastructure.
• With the increase in Construction demand, the evolution of technologies took
place for the betterment in terms of technology, material, equipment which
affected the time, cost and its impact on the Society & Environment.
 T IME LINE

BEGINNING OF HUMAN BRONZE AGE IRON AGE

EXISTENCE Wheel was invented and put Building huge structure like
Construction during into use. Heavy loads were Palace & temple using bricks
Primitive times was done moved on boats, sledges or was started by Ancient
by hands using locally on rollers. Copper and Bronze Macedonian while Egyptians
available material like were used for different tools. used stone. Romans had
Egyptians Build stone temple started using Roman cement.
bamboo, leaves etc..
followed by Greek & Roman.
 W HY CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
1. Construction Technology is defined as the collection of innovative tools, machinery, modifications,
software etc. Used during the construction face of the project that enables advancement in field
construction methods, including semi - automated and automated construction equipment and
methodologies. This also includes preconstruction technology, Bid management and quantity take
offs.

2. In this era of growing infrastructure, Construction technology is a very important subject/ field.
Which enables an individual to construct, manage and design projects in the most time efficient and
cost efficient manner.
TYPES OF
BUILDING
 T YPES OF BUILDINGS

Based On Occupancy Based on Structural System

 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON OCCUPANCY

1. Residential Building: Building with proper accommodation to

stay, cook, sleep are grouped as residential buildings. These
include private dwelling, apartment, houses etc…

2. Educational Building: Building which serves the purpose to

educate or recreate like school, college or day care.
 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON OCCUPANCY

3. Institutional Building: Building serving in a part of medical,

public welfare etc.. like Hospital, Nursing Home,
orphanage, jails etc..

4. Assembly Building: It include building where group of

people congregate for amusement, recreation, social,
religious purpose like Assembly halls, Theatres, Museums,
Terminals etc..
 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON OCCUPANCY

5. Business Building: Any building or part of building where the

account of records is maintained and any business
transaction takes place such as Banks, Court Houses and
so on.

6. Mercantile Building: Building where the goods are

displayed and sold such as departmental store,
supermarkets.
 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON OCCUPANCY

7. Industrial Building: Buildings which are used for the purpose

of Manufacturing or assemble or process products of all
kinds like Plants, Refineries, Factories etc..

8. Storage Building: Building which serves the purpose of

Storage to the products/goods such as Cold Storage,
Garage, transit Sheds.
 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON OCCUPANCY
9. Heavy Engineering Structure: These include projects like Water Control Projects
which restrain the force of water in oceans, lakes and rivers. Jetties, dams etc.,
Industrial Complexes like Steel mills, paper mills, oil refineries, shipyards, power
stations, electrical communication systems etc., Buildings where Processing of highly
combustible explosive materials or products is done i.e. toxic alkalis, acid or other
chemicals etc… Planning is as important as construction of these projects and can
cover hundreds of acres of land.

Water Control Projects Industrial Complexes

 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

1. Load Bearing Structure: It has the components like wall which transfers the
weight of the above element to the foundation structure. It is rarely used for
large Buildings. It consist of thick and heavy masonry. The walls transferring
loads are called Bearing wall.
 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

2. RCC Frame Structure: It is one of the commonly used structure these days.
Building consist of frames made from concrete elements. Horizontal members of
this frame are called beams, and vertical members are called columns. Humans walk
on flat planes of concrete called slabs.
 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

3. Steel Structure: It is made up of structural steel components which are connected

to each other to carry load and provide full rigidity. Materials are fabricated in
specific shape and chemical composition.
 T YPES OF BUILDINGS
BASED ON STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

4. Composite Structure: Structural members are made up of more than 2 materials

which bound together and altogether structure acts as one unit. It is generally used
because properties of each material can be combined to form a single unit that
performs better overall than its separate constituent parts.

Composition of RCC & Steel Composition of RCC & Brick

Masonry
COMPONENTS
OF BUILDING
S UBSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE

SUPERSTRUCTU
RE

SUBSTRUCTURE
 S UBSTRUCTURE

COMPONENTS OF SUBSTRUCTURE:
1. FOUNDATION/ FOOTING
2. RETAINING WALL
3. DIAPHRAGM WALL
4. UNDER GROUND WATER TANK
5. BASEMENTS
 S UPERSTRUCTURE
COMPONENTS OF SUPERSTRUCTURE:
1. PLINTH
2. COLUMNS
3. BEAMS
4. SLABS ( FLAT SLABS, POST/PRESTRESED SLABS, WAFFLE SLABS,
RIBBED SLABS, FOLDED PLATES)
5. COLUMN CAPITALS/ SLAB DROPS
6. STAIRCASE
7. STAIR CABINS
8. LINTELS
9. ARCHES
10. CHAJJAS
11. OVERHEAD WATER TANK
12. ROOFS
13. TRUSS
14. PURLINS
U NDERSTANDING THROUGH A BUILDING SECTION

OVERHEAD
WATER TANK

BEAM
COLUMN
STAIRCASE
PLINTH
 C OMPONENTS OF BUILDING

BUILDING COMPONENTS
1. SUBSTRUTURE
2. SUPERSTRCTURE
3. FLOORINGS
4. ROOFINGS
5. FIXTURES AND FITTINGS
6. INSULATION
7. SERVICES
 C OMPONENTS OF BUILDING

A modern building performs complex functions and like the human body is a
network of systems functioning together.
A building consists of the following basic parts:

A. Foundations:
It is the lowest artificially prepared part of a structure below the ground level
which is in direct contact with the ground and transmits all the dead, live and
other loads to the soil on which the structure rests.

B. Plinth:
Portion between the ground level and the principle floor level immediately
above. Normally the main entrance to a building is at this level

C. Superstructure:
Whole of the portion above the plinth level i.e. portion constructed above the
plinth level i.e. ground floor level.
 F oundations
A. Foundations:
It is the most critical part of any structure and most of the failures are probably due to faulty foundations
rather than any other cause. A good foundation must remain in position without sliding, bending,
overturning or falling in any other way. It is necessary that superstructure, foundation and soil act together.
Depending upon the type of soil existing at site, its safe bearing capacity and the type of building which is
required to be constructed, a structure may need shallow or deep foundations. In case of load bearing walls,
the foundation could be in the form of spread footings. For frame structures, the foundation could be in the
form of independent column footings, combined footings, rafts or piles.
Foundation are laid below for three purposes:
1. To secure natural bed
2. To protect the foundation courses from the atmospheric influences
3. To increase the stability of structure against overturning due to wind uplift
F oundations
 P linths

B. Plinth:
The level of surrounding ground is known as foundation level or simply ground level and the level of the
ground floor of a building is known as plinth level. The built up covered area measured at floor level is
termed as plinth area. Usually, a coping of concrete is provided at the top of plinth.
Basic requirements:
1. To elevate the building from existing ground level .
2. To act as retaining wall so as to keep the filling in position below the raised floor
3. To protect the building from damp or moisture penetration into it. It will increase the durability and
stability of the structure.
4. Enhance the architectural appearance of the building.
P linths
 W alls
C. Walls:
Broadly divided into two categories:
1. Load bearing walls
2. Non load bearing walls
A load bearing wall supports its own weight as well as the super-imposed loads transferred to it through
floors/roofs. A non load bearing wall on the other hand carries its own weight and is not designed to carry
any super imposed loads from the structure. They are normally provided as partition walls.
A load bearing wall in the superstructure should satisfy:
3. Strength
4. Stability (against overturning by lateral forces)
5. Weather resistance
6. Fire resistance
7. Heat insulation
8. Sound insulation
9. Privacy and safety
 C Olumns
D. Column:
It can be termed as an isolated vertical load bearing member

Columns carry primary axial loads and are designed for compression.

Columns can be made out of materials like wood, steel and concrete.
 F loors
E. Floors:
They are flat supporting elements of a building. They divide a building into different levels. The basic purpose
of a floor is to provide a firm and dry platform for people and other items.
Basement floor, ground floor and all other floors. It consists of two parts namely
1. Subfloor
2. Flooring

Subfloor is the structural component of the floor

which supports all the loads and the flooring is
the covering layer of desired specification provided
over the subfloor to serve as a finishing layer
F loors
 D oors and windows

F. Doors, windows and ventilators:

Main function of doors in abuilding is to serve as a connecting link between internal parts and also to
allow the free movement outside the building.
Windows are provided for the proper ventilation and lighting of a building and their size and number
should be properly determined as per the requirements.
Door and window have frame and shutters. The frame is permanently held in position and fixed to the
masonry with the help of holdfasts.
 S taircase
G. Stair:
A stair is a structure consisting of number of steps leading from one floor to another. It must be
constructed in such a manner that it is safe and comfortable to use and should be so located as to
permit easy communications. May be of timber, stones, brick, concrete, steel etc. Selection of
material depends upon the aesthetical importance , funds available, durability, space available, fire
resisting qualities, insulation, weather resistance etc.
 S ills, lintels and weather sheds
H. Sills, lintels and weather sheds:
Window sills are provided between the bottom of window frame and wall below to protect the top of wall
from wear and tear. Sills are throated to throw the rain water off the face of wall. A actual frame of door or
window is not strong enough to support the weight of the wall above the opening and a separate structural
element is therefore introduced. It is known as lintel and has a similar character to a beam. Weather sheds
or chajjas are generally combined with lintels of windows to protect them from the weather elements such
as rain, sun , frost etc.
 R oofs
I. Roofs:
It is the uppermost component of a building and its main function is to cover the space below and
protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc. It consists of two components
1. Roof decking
2. Roof covering
Roof decking is the structural component which supports roof covering. A roof can either be flat
pitched(sloped) or curved in shape. Choice is made in view of the location , weather conditions, funds,
functional and aesthetics requirements. The structural component in case of pitched roof is generally a
truss, in case of curved roof is a shell or dome and in case of flat roof it is a flat slab. Roof covering for
pitched roof will be tiles, AC sheets. GI sheets etc. and covering for flat slab is called terracing comprising
of layers of brickbats, with varying thickness. Its serves two purposes:
3. Providing suitable slopes on the roof top for draining of rainwater
4. To act as a insulation layer for providing thermal comfort to the users of the space below
 B uilding services
J. Building finishes:
A building is considered incomplete till such time the surface of its components is given appropriate
treatment. It includes items like plastering, pointing, painting, varnishing and distempering. Building
finishes not only protect the surface from adverse affect of weather but also provide decorative effect,
rectify or cover the poor or defective workmanship

K. Building services:
Includes services like water supply. Drainage, electricity, acoustics, air conditioning, fire detection and
control etc.
Water supply and drainage are normally termed as plumbing services.
For safety, the planning, designing and detailing of all the services should be made on provisions in building
codes and based on the norms prescribes by statuary municipal bodies.
U NDERSTANDING THROUGH A BUILDING SECTION
C OMPONENTS OF A STEEL STRUCTURE
THANK
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