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MVC Lecture 1

The document is a lecture on Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems for a Multi-Variable Calculus course at Air University Multan Campus. It explains how to represent points in three-dimensional space using ordered triples and describes the coordinate axes, planes, and octants. Additionally, it includes examples of equations representing surfaces in three-dimensional space.

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Ammara Khakwani
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14 views21 pages

MVC Lecture 1

The document is a lecture on Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems for a Multi-Variable Calculus course at Air University Multan Campus. It explains how to represent points in three-dimensional space using ordered triples and describes the coordinate axes, planes, and octants. Additionally, it includes examples of equations representing surfaces in three-dimensional space.

Uploaded by

Ammara Khakwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Air University Multan Campus

Lecture 1
dated 10-02-2025
Course Title:- Multi-Variable Calculus
Class:- BS-Computer Science – Fall-23-A
Semester : Spring 25

Topic:- Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

Instructor:- Dr.Ammara Omer Khakwani

1
Two-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
To locate a point in a plane, two numbers are necessary.

We know that any point in the plane can be represented as


an ordered pair (a, b) of real numbers, where a is the
x-coordinate and b is the y-coordinate.

For this reason, a plane is called two-dimensional. To


locate a point in space, three numbers are required.

We represent any point in space by an ordered triple


(a, b, c) of real numbers.

2
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
In order to represent points in space, we first choose a
fixed point O (the origin) and three directed lines through O
that are perpendicular to each other, called the coordinate
axes and labeled the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis.

Usually we think of the


x- and y-axes as being
horizontal and the z-axis
as being vertical, and we
draw the orientation of
the axes as in Figure 1.

Coordinate axes
Figure 1
3
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
The direction of the z-axis is determined by the right-hand
rule as illustrated in Figure 2:

Right-hand rule
Figure 2

If you curl the fingers of your right hand around the z-axis in
the direction of a 90 counterclockwise rotation from the
positive x-axis to the positive y-axis, then your thumb points
in the positive direction of the z-axis. 4
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
The three coordinate axes determine the three coordinate
planes illustrated in Figure 3(a).

The xy-plane is the plane that


contains the x- and y-axes;
the yz-plane contains the
y- and z-axes; the xz-plane
contains the x- and z-axes.

These three coordinate planes


divide space into eight parts,
called octants. The first octant, Figure 3(a)
in the foreground, is determined
by the positive axes.
5
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
Because many people have some difficulty visualizing
diagrams of three-dimensional figures, you may find it
helpful to do the following [see Figure 3(b)].

Look at any bottom corner of


a room and call the
corner the origin.
The wall on your
i) left is in the xz-plane,
ii)right is in the yz-plane, Figure 3(b)

iii)floor is in the xy-plane.

6
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
The x-axis runs along the intersection of the floor and the left wall.

The y-axis runs along the intersection of the floor and the right wall.

The z-axis runs up from the floor toward the ceiling along the
intersection of the two walls.

You are situated in the first octant,


and you can now imagine seven other rooms situated in the
other seven octants
(three on the same floor and four on the floor below),
all connected by the common corner point O.

7
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
Now if P is any point in space, let a be the (directed)
distance from the yz-plane to P, let b be the distance from
the xz-plane to P, and let c be the distance from the
xy-plane to P.

We represent the point P by the ordered triple (a, b, c) of


real numbers and we call a, b, and c the coordinates of P;
a is the x-coordinate, b is the y-coordinate, and c is the
z-coordinate.

8
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
Thus, to locate the point (a, b, c), we can start at the origin
O and move a units along the x-axis, then b units parallel to
the y-axis, and then c units parallel to the z-axis as in
Figure 4.

Figure 4

9
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
The point P(a, b, c) determines a rectangular box as in
Figure 5.

If we drop a perpendicular from P


to the xy-plane, we get a point Q
with coordinates (a, b, 0) called
the projection of P onto the
xy-plane.

Similarly, R(0, b, c) and S(a, 0, c)


are the projections of P onto the Figure 5

yz-plane and xz-plane, respectively.


10
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
As numerical illustrations, the points (–4, 3, –5) and
(3, –2, –6) are plotted in Figure 6.

Figure 6

11
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
The Cartesian product   = {(x, y, z) | x, y, z  }
is
the set of all ordered triples of real numbers and is denoted
by .

We have given a one-to-one correspondence between


points P in space and ordered triples (a, b, c) in . It is
called a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate
system.

Notice that, in terms of coordinates, the first octant can be


described as the set of points whose coordinates are all
positive. 12
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
In two-dimensional analytic geometry, the graph of an
equation involving x and y is a curve in .

In three-dimensional analytic geometry, an equation in


x, y, and z represents a surface in .

13
Example 1
What surfaces in are represented by the following
equations?

(a) z = 3 (b) y = 5

Solution:
(a) The equation z = 3 represents the set {(x, y, z) | z = 3},
which is the set of all points in whose z-coordinate is
3.

14
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

This is the horizontal plane that is parallel to the xy–plane


and three units above it as in Figure 7(a).

z =3, a plane in
Figure 7(a)

15
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

(b) The equation y = 5 represents the set of all points in


whose y-coordinate is 5.

This is the vertical plane that is parallel to the xz-plane


and five units to the right of it as in Figure 7(b).

y = 5, a plane in
Figure 7(b)
16
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
In general, if k is a constant, then x = k represents a plane
parallel to the yz-plane, y = k is a plane parallel to the
xz-plane, and z = k is a plane parallel to the xy-plane.

In Figure 5, the faces of the


rectangular box are formed
by the three coordinate planes
x = 0 (the yz-plane),
y = 0 (the xz-plane), and
z = 0 (the xy-plane), and the
planes x = a, y = b, and z = c.
Figure 5

17
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems
The familiar formula for the distance between two points in
a plane is easily extended to the following three-
dimensional formula.

18
Example 5
Find an equation of a sphere with radius r and center
C(h, k, l ).

Solution:
By definition, a sphere is the set of all points P(x, y, z)
whose distance from C is r. (See Figure 12.)

Figure 12 19
Example 5 – Solution cont’d

Thus P is on the sphere if and only if | PC | = r.

Squaring both sides, we have


| PC |2 = r2
or
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 + (z – l )2 = r2

20
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

The result of Example 5 is worth remembering.

21

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