Learning Objectives:

Define what is critical

thinking

Evaluate Written Text

based on its properties.
Critical Reading
Also means that you
are able to distinguish
the information
clearly stated
(explicit) in the text
from ideas that are
suggested (implicit)
Explicit Information
is clearly written and explained in the
text so the reader will not be confused.

The definition of explicit is, “to fully and

clearly express something, leaving
nothing implied.” Something is explicit
when it is cleared stated and spelled
out and there is no room for confusion,
as in the writing of a contract or statute.
Implicit
Information
is something that is implied,
but not stated outright in the
text .
The reader must understand
implicit information and facts
based on other clues in the text.
• Explicit Information
John’s bag has a picture of Kobe
Bryant.

• Implicit Information:
John loves to play basketball
Critical Thinking
- whenever you read
something, you find
yourself looking for the
writer’s point/s regarding
the topic,
Claim, (or the argument or
the thesis statement of
the text.) A claim is what the writer
tries to prove in the text
by providing details,
explanations, and other
types of evidences.
The claim is a
sentence that
summarizes the most
important thing that
the writer wants to say
as a result of his/her
thinking, reading
and writing.
 Characteristics of a claim
• A claim should be argumentative
and debatable
A claim should be specific and focused

A claim should be interesting and

engaging

A claim should be logical

The different types of claims

1. Claims of fact
state a questionable assertion, a
measurable topic. They assert that
something has existed, exists or will
exist based on data.
To support a claim of fact, use factual
evidence that is sufficient, reliable, and
appropriate.
The different types of claims

1. Claims of fact
Posits whether something is true or
untrue, but there must always be the
potential for controversy, conflict and
conversion.
Claims of fact also focus on cause-to-
effect relationships.
The different types of claims

1. Claims of fact
Past claims of fact tend to deal with
the assigning of motive or responsibility
for historical actions.

"Democrat policies caused the rise of

terrorism."
The different types of claims

1. Claims of fact

Present claims of fact tend to

deal with events of current
importance.
“Climate change is exacerbated by
people.”
The different types of claims

1. Claims of fact
Future claims of fact deal with making
predictions about the nature of future
events.
Tuition at community colleges will be
increased next year," "Oil prices will continue
to rise"
The different types of claims

1. Claims of Fact
Claims of fact are quantifiable.
establishing the correctness of factual
claims depends heavily on empirical
verification.
Such verification, or evidence, usually consists of
using some combination of sensory data (sight,
smell, touch, sound, and taste).
The different types of claims

1. Claims of Fact
Is this issue related to a possible cause
or effect?
Is this statement true or false? How can
its truthfulness be verified?

Is this claim controversial or debatable?

The different types of claims

2. Claims of Value
Assert something that can be
qualified. They consists of arguments
about moral, philosophical or
aesthetic topics.
These types of topics try to prove that
some values are more or less
desirable compared to others.
The different types of claims

2. Claims of Value
They make judgments, based
on certain standards, or
whether something is right or
wrong, good or bad or
something similar.
The different types of claims

2. Claims of Value
asserts qualitative judgments along a
good-to-bad continuum relating to
persons, events, and things in one’s
environment.
If you construct a position claiming that
something is good or bad or one thing is
better than another, you’ve made a claim
of value.
The different types of claims

2. Claims of Value
Claims of value also involve “taste”
in art, literature, music, film, food
etc.
Claims of value involve
judgments, appraisals and
evaluations.
The different types of claims

2. Claims of Value
Claims of value involve judgments,
appraisals and evaluations.

Therefore, when you and your friend are

arguing over intellectual issues, you are
using claims of values.
The different types of claims

2. Claims of Value
Which claim endorse what is good or right?
What qualities should be considered good?
Why is that so?
Which of these values contend with other?
Which ones are more important and why?
Whose standards are used?
What are some concrete examples of such values?
The different types of claims

2. Claims of Value
Examples:
The Wizard of Oz is the greatest
movie of all time,"

"Indian food is the best food of

all."
The different types of claims

3. Claims of Policy
Posits that specific actions should
be chosen as solution to a
particular problem.
Provide a solution or another series
of questions in response to the
claims of fact.
The different types of claims

3. Claims of Policy
asserts that something should or
should not be done by someone
about something.
It proposes that some specific course
of action should, but not necessarily
will, be taken.
The different types of claims

3. Claims of Policy
The key word in a claim of policy is
the conditional verb “should”
which implies that some action
ought to be taken, but not that it
must or will be taken.
The different types of claims

3. Claims of Policy
Posit that specific actions should
be chosen as solution to a
particular problem.
Are often procedural, organized
plans.
Claims of policy are statements that focus on
actions that should be taken to change the status
quo.
The different types of claims

3. Claims of Policy
Does the claim suggest a specific remedy to
solve the problem?
Is the policy clearly defined?
Is the need for the policy established?
Is the policy the best one available? According
to whose standards?
How does this policy solve the problem?
The different types of claims

3. Claims of Policy
Example:
"The United States should send a
manned expedition to Mars,"

"Students should read the assigned

text material before the instructor
lectures on it."
 The different types of claims
3. Claims of Policy
- In medicine, claims of policy debate the
best treatment for a certain condition. For
example, John has a bad back, caused by a
hyperextensions, It is imperative that he fix
this problem because he is a fitness
instructor..
QUESTIONS?
ACTIVITY 4:
List down 2 Explicit or Implicit
Claims of Fact, Value and Policy
based from the text: Financial
Planning, Pinoy Style by
Randell Tiongson and give
necessary evidences from the
text or research.
 Claims of Evidences
Fact 4:
ACTIVITY
List of Issues When it Comes to the
Philippines’ Education System
For a brief rundown, let’s list the top
education issues in the Philippines:
Quality – The results of the 2014 National
Teachers face Achievement Test (NAT) and the National
Career Assessment Examination (NCAE)
numerous show that there had been a drop in the
status of primary and secondary

problems today education.

Budget – The country remains to have one
of the lowest budget allotments to learning
among ASEAN countries.
Cost – There still is a big contrast in
learning efforts across various social
groups due to the issue of money—having
education as a status symbol.
OSY – The growing rate of OSY becomes
daunting due to the adverse effects of
COVID-19.
Mismatch – There is a large sum of people
who are jobless or underpaid due to a
large mismatch between training and
Evaluating claims:
1. Teachers face numerous problems today.
2. Educating the youth on responsible parenthood is the best
way to prepare them for having families in the future, since
this effort involves the school, the home and the Church.
3. We must persevere with every ounce of our national vigor
to eradicate poverty, ensuring that the Philippines will have a
bright tomorrow, and that truth and justice will reign.
4. Pilosopo Tasyo is my favorite character in Noli Me Tangere
because he is the most interesting.
5. Though they seem to foster connections, social networking
websites like Facebook actually discourage meaningful
communication because they make us focus on superficial
behavior.