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Unit I Properties of Fluids

The document provides an overview of Fluid Mechanics, covering properties of fluids, fluid statics, and types of fluids. It discusses key concepts such as viscosity, density, specific weight, and pressure measurement methods, including manometers. The importance of studying fluid mechanics in various applications, such as water supply systems and transportation, is also highlighted.

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44 views105 pages

Unit I Properties of Fluids

The document provides an overview of Fluid Mechanics, covering properties of fluids, fluid statics, and types of fluids. It discusses key concepts such as viscosity, density, specific weight, and pressure measurement methods, including manometers. The importance of studying fluid mechanics in various applications, such as water supply systems and transportation, is also highlighted.

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Video of Faculty

18MEC102T Fluid Mechanics

UNIT I: PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS


AND FLUID STATICS
Contents…
• Properties of fluids: density, specific weight, specific volume,
specific gravity, vapour pressure
• Viscosity: Dynamic and Kinematic viscosity, Newton’s law of
viscosity, factors affecting viscosity
• Types of fluids, Tutorial-Problems on fluid properties
• Surface tension, compressibility and bulk modulus concepts.
• Fluid statics- Pascal’s law, Hydrostatic law.
• Manometry: Types of manometers, Piezometer, U-tube
Manometer, Inverted U-tube Manometers
• Tutorials on manometers
Introduction
• Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals with both
stationery and moving boundaries under the influence of
forces. The branch of the mechanics that deals with bodies at
rest is called statics, while the branch that deals with bodies in
motion is called dynamics.
• Fluid Mechanics is the science that deals with behavior of fluids
at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics) and the
interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.
Definition of Fluid
All matter can be divided into 2 major classes
1) Solid
2) Fluids (Liquid & Gas)

The difference between a solid and fluid can be defined


by
1) The stress-strain relationship
2) The elasticity
The Stress-Strain Relationship
Solid
Requires external forces to cause it to deform.

Fluid
will deform without the application of external forces.
 will take on the shape of the container in which they are
held.
-Ex. water, oil, gas etc.
Fluids can be classified into 2 forms of matter
1) Liquids
2) Gases
FLUID MECHANICS
 Fluid: Fluids are substance which area capable of flowing and
conforming the shapes of container.
 Fluids can be in gas or liquid states.
 Mechanics: Mechanics is the branch of science that deals with
the state of rest or motion of body under the action of forces.
 Fluid Mechanics: Branch of mechanic that deals with then
response or behaviour of fluid either at rest or in motion.
Why to Study Fluid Mechanics?
knowledge of which is needed in the design of:
Water supply and treatment system
Pumps used for handling of different fluids
Ships, submarines, aeroplanes, Automobiles
Storage tanks (milk silo, tankers, feed tanks, balance tanks etc.)
Piping systems for various utilities, pipefitting & valves, flow meters
Measuring instrument
Cleaning-In-Place (CIP) systems for optimum performance
Heat transfer behaviour in processing equipments (such as HTST
pasteurizers, spray dryers etc.)
Properties of Fluids
• Any characteristic of a system is called property. It may
either be intensive (mass independent) or extensive (that
depends on size of system).The state of a system is described
by its properties. Most common properties of the fluids are
1. Density
2. Specific weight
5. Viscosity (μ )
3. Specific volume
6. Vapour pressure
4. Specific gravity
7. Surface tension
Density
• Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the
ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume. Thus mass
per unit volume of a fluid is called density.
• It is denoted by symbol ρ (rho)
• The unit of mass density in SI unit is kg per cubic
metre i.e kg/m3.
Mass of fluid

Volume of fluid
Specific weight
• It is defined as the ratio between the weight of fluid to
its volume. Thus weight per unit volume of a fluid is
called weight density and it is denoted by the symbol
w.
weight of fluid
w
volume of fluid
mass of fluid acceleration due to gravity

volume of fluid
mass of fluid g
  g
volume of fluid
w g
Specific volume
• It is defined as the volume of fluid occupied by a unit
mass or volume per unit mass of a fluid is called
specific volume.
Volume of fluid
Specific volume 
Mass of fluid
1 1  m3 
   
Volume of fluid   kg 
Mass of fluid
Specific gravity
• It is defined as the ratio of the density of fluid to the density of standard
fluid. It is also called as relative density. For liquids, the standard fluid
is taken as water. For gases, the standard fluid is taken as air.
• It is a dimensionless quantity and is denoted by the symbol S

Density of fluid
Specific gravity S  
Density of s tan dard fluid
Vapour pressure and cavitation
• Saturation temperature Tsat: The temperature at which a pure substance
changes phase at a given pressure.
• Saturation pressure Psat: The pressure at which a pure substance changes
phase at a given temperature.
• Vapor pressure (Pv): The pressure exerted by its vapor in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature. It is identical to the
saturation pressure Psat of the liquid (Pv = Psat).
• Partial pressure: The pressure of a gas or vapor in a mixture with other
gases. For example, atmospheric air is a mixture of dry air and water
vapor, and atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of dry
air and the partial pressure of water vapor.
Problems on properties
1.
2.
Dynamic Viscosity ()
Viscosity is the measure of a fluid’s resistance to
internal shear stresses.

 = Dynamic viscosity, N.s/m2 or Pa.s (SI). Poise (CGS)


 = Internal shear stress, N ( =F/A)
u = Velocity, m/s
Newton’s law of viscosity
du du
  ,  
dy dy
 dy
 
du du
dy

 = Dynamic viscosity, N.s/m2 or Pa.s


 = Internal shear stress, N ( =F/A)
u = Velocity, m/s du shear strain
dy
Kinematic Viscosity ()
The kinematic viscosity of a fluid is the ratio of its
dynamic viscosity to its density.

v

 = kinematic viscosity, m2/s or Stoke
 = Dynamic viscosity, N.s/m2 or Pa.s
 = Density of fluid, kg/m3
Factors affecting the viscosity
Temperature affects the viscosity of fluids due to variation in
molecular momentum transfer
Types of Fluids:
Fluids can be classified into four basic types:
Ideal Fluid: An Ideal Fluid is a fluid that has no viscosity. It is
incompressible in nature. Practically, no ideal fluid exists.
Real Fluid: Real fluids are compressible in nature. They have some
viscosity. Examples: Kerosene, Petrol, oil
Newtonian Fluid: a real fluid in which the shear stress is directly
proportional to rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient (Newton’s law
of viscosity ) are known as Newtonian Fluids. For a Newtonian fluid,
viscosity is entirely dependent upon the temperature and pressure of the
fluid. Examples: water, air, emulsions
 Non-Newtonian Fluid: Fluids that do not obey Newton’s law of viscosity are non-
Newtonian fluids. Examples: Flubber, Oobleck (suspension of starch in water).
 Ideal plastic fluid: A fluid in which shear stress is more than the yields value and
shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain (velocity gradient) is known as
ideal plastic fluid.
Problems on viscosity
3).
4.
Compressibility and Bulk modulus
Problems on Compressibility and Bulk modulus
Surface tension
• The capacity of liquids to resist tensile stresses at
their surface is called surface tensile.
• It is denoted by σ(sigma)
• It is expressed as kgf/m (MKS unit) or N/m (SI unit)
Capillarity
• Rise or fall of liquids in a very small diameter
tube.
• Wetting liqids will rise and non-wetting
liquids will fall (capillary depression).
• h = 4 σ cos ϴ / gd
For wetting liquids, ϴ =0
For non wetting liquids, ϴ > 90o
Pressure
Pascal’s law
Absolute, Gauge & Vacuum
pressures
Hydrostatic law
Problems on pressure
Measurement of Pressure
The pressure of a fluid is measured by the following devices

 Manometers  Mechanical Gauges


 Simple manometers  Diaphragm pressure gauge
 Differential manometers  Bourdon tube pressure gauge
 Dead-weight pressure gauge
 Bellows pressure gauge
Simple Manometers
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF MANOMETER
FLUID
• Low viscosity
• Immiscible with fluid flowing in the main
• High vapour pressure
• Sharp meniscus
• Visible
• Physically and chemically stable
Problems on manometers
Differential manometers
References
• Bansal.R.K, A text book of Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulics Machines, Laxmi publications (P) Ltd.,
9thed., 2015
Thank You

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