Exercise 5- Taxiing

• Introduction to Taxiing
• Principles Involved in Taxiing
• Newton's Laws in Detail
• Starting Procedures
• Taxiing Procedures
Contents • Effects of Wind
• High-Speed Taxiing
• Handling Special Situations
• Advanced Taxiing Techniques
• Airport Layout
 • Definition of Taxiing
• Process of controlling the aircraft on
the ground
• Utilizes the aircraft's own power
Introduction • Methods of Taxiing
to Taxiing • Independent use of rudder pedals
• Use of brakes
• Flying controls
• Thrust
 • Principles Involved
• Understanding the fundamental
principles
• Knowledge of aircraft maneuvering
techniques

Aim of • Importance
• Ensures safe and efficient ground
Taxiing operations
• Prevents accidents and mishaps
• Application
• Maneuvering aircraft on ground under
its own power
• Practical implementation of principles
Definition of Taxiing

• Taxiing Process
• Aircraft is controlled on
the ground
• Operates under its own
power
• Control Mechanisms
• Rudder pedals
• Brakes
• Flying controls
• Thrust
Principles Involved in
Taxiing
• Newton's Law
• Fundamental principles of motion and forces
• Directional Control
• Techniques for maintaining desired direction
• Advanced Taxing
• Complexities in financial regulations and compliance
• Effect of Wind
• Impact of wind on various activities and structures
• Effects of Surface Conditions
• Influence of surface properties on performance and
outcomes
 • Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)
• A body remains at rest or in uniform motion
until acted upon by an external unbalanced
force.
• An aircraft will remain stationary until thrust is
applied to move it.

Newton's
• Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration)
• A body accelerates in the direction of the

Laws applied force and in proportion to the force.

• Acceleration and deceleration of an aircraft,
including turning on the ground.
• Newton's Third Law
• For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
• An aircraft blows air backward to move
forward.
Directional Control

• Rudder Pedals and Brakes for Turning

• Rudder pedals turn the nose wheel and rudder
• Brakes assist in small radius turns
• Effectiveness at Different Speeds
• High speed: nose wheel and rudder effective
• Low speed: rudder less effective
• Proper Use of Brakes
• Brakes should slow down, not stop, the inside wheel
• Taxiing Alignment
• Yellow line should cut below right knee cap of left
seat occupant
Advanced • Turning in Confined Spaces
• Differential brakes control left and right
Taxiing wheels separately
• Nose wheel turns 10° without brakes, 30°
with brakes
• Use little power and slow speed
• Brake inside wheel to slow it down, not stop it
• Increase power after braking to prevent
stopping
• High Speed Taxiing
• More control due to effective rudder
• Rudder effectiveness increases with propeller
slipstream
• Higher speed and power increase airflow
• Extra care needed at high speeds
Newton's First Law

• Law of Inertia
• A body remains at rest or in
uniform motion
• Change occurs only with an
external unbalanced force
• Application to Aircraft
• Aircraft remains stationary until
force is applied
• Thrust moves the aircraft from
rest
Newton's Second
Law

• Newton's Second Law

• When an external force acts
upon a body
• The body will accelerate in
the direction of the applied
force
• The magnitude of
acceleration is proportional
to the applied force
• Application in Aviation
• Acceleration and
deceleration on the aircraft
• Turning on the ground
Newton's Third Law

• Newton's Third Law

• Every action has an equal and
opposite reaction
• Application in Aircraft Movement
• Blowing air to the back moves
the aircraft forward
Starting Procedures

• Checklist Usage
• Ensure all steps are followed
• Verify each item before proceeding
• Discussing the Procedure
• Explain each step in detail
• Highlight important safety
measures
• Starting the Engine
• Follow the checklist methodically
• Confirm engine is ready before
ignition
 • Initial Steps
• Engine running at 1000
RPM
• Check surroundings
• Throttle and Brakes
• Close throttle
• Release park brake
Starting the • Apply slight power/thrust
Taxi • Overcoming Inertia
• Reduce throttle for
normal taxi
• Testing Brakes
• Close throttle on hard
surface
• Gradually apply brakes
Engine Start
Checklist
• Preparation Steps
• Ensure all safety measures are in place
• Verify fuel levels and connections

• Initial Checks
• Inspect engine components for wear and tear
• Check oil levels and coolant

• Starting the Engine

• Turn on the ignition
• Monitor engine gauges for abnormalities

• Post-Start Procedures
• Listen for unusual noises
• Ensure smooth operation before use
Taxiing Procedures

• Directional Control
• Use rudder pedals and brakes to turn the
aircraft
• Nose wheel and rudder effective at high speed
• Brakes needed for small radius turns at low
speed
• Yellow line should cut below right knee cap of
left seat person
• Speed Control
• Throttle controls taxi speed
• Correct speed is a brisk walking pace
• Avoid applying brakes against power
• Taxi Checks
• Check instrument functionality during turns
• Stopping the Taxi
During the Taxi

• Using Rudder Pedals and Brakes

• Rudder pedals turn the nose wheel and rudder
• High speed: easier taxiing due to nose wheel
and rudder effect
• Low speed: rudder has little effect, making
taxiing harder
• Turning the Aircraft
• Brakes used for small radius turns
• Avoid stopping the inside wheel completely
• Slow down the inside wheel instead
• Following the Yellow Line
• Yellow line should cut below the right knee
cap of the left-hand seat occupant
• This indicates the aircraft is on the yellow line
 • Throttle Usage
• Controls speed during taxi
• Avoid applying brakes against power
• Correct Taxi Speed
• Brisk walking pace
Speed • Grass blurring indicates excessive
Control speed
• Visualize Speed
• Imagine a person walking briskly next
to the aircraft
• Aircraft should not overtake or lag
behind the person
Taxi Checks
 • Centralize Nose Wheel
• Use rudder pedals to
align the nose wheel
• Perform Lookout
• Ensure surroundings are
clear
• Close Throttle
Stopping the • Reduce engine power
Taxi • Apply Brakes
• Gradually and evenly
apply brakes
• Stop and Park
• Engage park brake after
stopping
• Throttle back to 1000RPM
Effects of Wind

• Using Up Aileron on Left-Hand Wing

• Neutral Elevator
• Using Down Aileron on Left-Hand
Wing
• Down Elevator
• Using Up Aileron on Right-Hand Wing
• Neutral Elevator
• Using Down Aileron on Right-Hand
Wing
• Down Elevator
Wind Effects on
Control Surfaces

• Left-Hand Wing Adjustments

• Use up aileron with neutral
elevator
• Use down aileron with down
elevator
• Right-Hand Wing Adjustments
• Use up aileron with neutral
elevator
• Use down aileron with down
elevator
High-Speed Taxiing

• High-speed Taxi
• Involves rapid movement of aircraft on the
ground
• Slipstream Effect
• Propeller slipstream causes a yaw force
• Yaw force is countered by an off-set fin or
engine
Slipstream Effect

• Propeller Slipstream
• Causes a yaw force
• Counteracting the Yaw Force
• Off-set fin
• Off-set engine
Torque Effect

• Definition of Torque Effect

• Reaction on a vehicle due to
torque applied to the propeller
or rotor
• Tendency to rotate the fuselage
in the opposite direction of the
torque force
Blade Effect • Thrust Vector Offset
• Occurs when propeller is tilted backwards
• Down-going blade produces more thrust than up-
going blade
• Thrust vector offset to right or left depending on
propeller rotation
• Right Hand Tractor Propeller
• Thrust vector acts on right side of propeller disc
• Causes aircraft to yaw to the left
• Reasons for Thrust Difference
• Down-going blade meets airflow at higher angle of
attack
• Higher angle of attack results in more thrust on right
side
• Propeller axis misalignment with flight direction
• Down-going blade travels longer path and faster,
producing more thrust
Gyroscopic Effect

• Gyroscopic Effect in Propeller

Rotation
• Forces act 90 degrees from the
point of application
• Occurs due to the rotation of the
propeller
• Right Hand Tractor Installation
• Tail up pitch causes yawing force
to the left
• Force acts 90 degrees away on
the right side of the disc
Handling • Handling Slopes
• Uphill: Keep propeller clear, apply more power,
Special gravity is against us
Situations • Downhill: Keep propeller clear, use less power,
anticipate stop distance
• Handling Surfaces
• Tarmac/paved: Less power needed, better traction
and braking
• Gravel: More power needed, braking less effective
• Grass: Lots of power needed, braking less effective,
watch for ditches and holes
• Wet/Dry: Low friction, brakes ineffective, control with
rudder
• Ground Loop
• Occurs when tail loses directional stability
• Tail rotates around nose, potentially reversing
direction
Ground Loop • Definition of Ground Loop
• Occurs when the tail loses directional stability
• Tail rotates about the horizontal axis
• Consequences of Ground Loop
• Tail spins around the nose of the aircraft
• Aircraft deviates from a straight line
• Momentum Impact
• Aircraft may rotate partway or completely
around
• Tail may end up in the original direction of the
nose
• Correction Necessity
• Without correction, ground loop can fully
develop
Handling Slopes

• Uphill Taxiing
• Keep the propeller clear from
hitting the ground
• Apply more power as gravity is
against us
• Downhill Taxiing
• Keep the propeller clear from
hitting the ground
• Use a little less power
• Anticipate the stop distance
 • Tarmac/Paved
• Less power needed due to
low friction
• Better wheel traction and
braking
• Gravel
• More power needed to start
Handling and maintain taxi

Different • Less effective braking

• Grass
Surfaces • Requires lots of power
• Braking is less effective due
to drag
• Watch for ditches and holes
• Wet/Dry
• Water reduces friction
between wheel and surface
Advanced • Turning in Confined Spaces
• Differential brakes stop the left or right wheel
Taxiing individually
Techniques • Nose wheel turns 10° without brakes, 30° with
brakes
• Use little power and slow speed
• Brake inside wheel to slow it down, not stop it
• Increase power after braking to prevent
stopping
• High Speed Taxiing
• More control due to effective rudder
• Rudder effectiveness increases with slipstream
from propeller
• Increased speed and power enhance airflow
• Extra care needed at high speeds
• Right of Way Rules
Turning in Confined
Spaces

• Differential Brakes
• Left brake stops the left wheel
• Right brake stops the right wheel
• Nose Wheel Turning
• Without brakes: 10° to a side
• With brakes: 30° to a side
• Turning Technique
• Use little power and slow speed
• Brake on inside wheel to slow it
down
• Increase power after braking to
prevent stopping
High-Speed • Increased Control
• More control over the aircraft due to
Taxiing effective rudder
• Rudder effectiveness is enhanced by
propeller slipstream
• Increased Speed and Power
• Higher speed results in increased airflow
• More power contributes to better control
• Extra Care Required
• High speed taxiing demands extra caution
Right of Way Rules

• Head On
• Each aircraft must alter its
heading to the right
• Overtake
• Overtaking must be done on the
right-hand side
• Intersections
• Aircraft with another on its right
must give way
Airport
Layout