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Psychology Unit VI Memory Anand

The document provides an overview of memory, defining it as the ability to retain and recall information, and outlines its key elements including learning, retention, recall, and recognition. It categorizes memory into types such as short-term, long-term, explicit, and implicit memory, while also discussing factors that influence memory and techniques for improvement. Additionally, it addresses the concept of forgetting, its causes, and theories explaining the phenomenon.

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10 views36 pages

Psychology Unit VI Memory Anand

The document provides an overview of memory, defining it as the ability to retain and recall information, and outlines its key elements including learning, retention, recall, and recognition. It categorizes memory into types such as short-term, long-term, explicit, and implicit memory, while also discussing factors that influence memory and techniques for improvement. Additionally, it addresses the concept of forgetting, its causes, and theories explaining the phenomenon.

Uploaded by

Anand gowda
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NHF COLLEGE OF NURSING , MYSURU

Cognitive Process- Memory


Memory
• Memory is defined as the power of keeping facts in the
conscious mind and of being able to recall them back at time.
• It refers to the process of remembering and association
Definitions of Memory
• Drever – “Memory is that characteristic which underlines all
learning, the essential feature of which is reflection. In narrow
sense it is recall and recognition”
• Woodworth and Marquis – “Memory is mental power which
consists in learning, retaining and remembering what has
previously been learnt”.
• Ryburn : “The power that we have to store our experience, and
to bring them into the field of consciousness sometime after
the experiences have occurred, is termed as memory
Elements of Memory
• Learning
• Retention
• Recall
• Recognition
Memorization Process
• Encoding Process
• Storage Process
• Retrieval Process
• Memory is complex cognitive or mental process that involves
encoding, storage and retrieval of the information.
I. Encoding: is process of receiving input and transforming it into
a form or code, which can be stored.
II.Storage: is process of actually putting coded information into
memory.
III.Retrieval: is process of gaining access to stored, coded
information when it is needed
TYPES OF MEMORY

Sensory
/Intermediate
Short Term Memory
• It is a type of memory which is temporary and short lived. It is
also called as recent memory/working memory.
• The retention time is longer than immediate memory. It may be
long as 30 second or more.
Example: Memorizing a phone number.
• Ghajini
Immediate Memory/Sensory Memory
⦁ It is also a type of short term memory
⦁ It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information
after the original stimulus has ceased.
⦁ Eg : We enter a cinema hall, see the seat number given in the
ticket, after sitting we forget it.
Example: Looking at an item and remembering it.
Long Term Memory/Permanent Memory
• It is also referred as remote memory
• Here retention is of a permanent nature.
• Eg : Remembering our name, date of birth etc,
What happened last week, Where and how?
Explicit Memory
• Explicit memory or Declarative memory is one of the two main
types of long-term memory
• It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual
information, previous experiences and concepts.
• It is divided into episodic memory, which stores specific
personal experience and semantic memory, which stores
factual information
• Episodic Memory
• Episodic Memory : It is connected with episodes and events
which may consist of personal events and experiences
associated with ones life.
• Eg: Describe an accident
Semantic memory
• Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge (facts,
ideas, meaning and concepts) that can be articulated and is
independent of personal experience.
Example:
• Know that the word “boat” refers to a watercraft of varying sizes
• Recall that Washington, D.C., is the capital of the U.S.
• Recognize the distinguishing features that classify an animal as a
dog
IMPLICIT MEMORY
IMPLICIT:
• Procedural Memory : It is the long-term memory of skills and
procedures, or procedural knowledge. It is considered as a
form of implicit memory. It is helpful in learning skills and skills
remain permanent always with the person until diseased.

Eg- Playing piano , Ice skating, Playing baseball, Swimming,


Giving injection
• PRIMING MEMORY
Priming is the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a
stimulus influence responses to a later stimulus.
ASSOCIATING WORDS AND PICTURES: In Priming there is no
need for researchers to ask subjects to memorize certain
sequences of words because they take advantage of word
association when they “prime” subjects.
Example: For example, “school” relates to “student” and “bus”
• Rote Memory : Here things are learned without understanding
their meaning. For example, students mug up poems and
definitions and reproduce at the time of exam
• Logical Memory : Materials are learned with insight,
understanding and logical memory.
• Associative Memory : Here the individual associate newly
learned things with so many related things existing in the
memory and then establish multiple connections
Factors Influencing Memory
• There are two factors that influence the memory:
• Nature of the material to be memorized – Meaningfulness of
the material to be memorized and amount of the material to
be memorized.
• Methods and techniques of memorizing
How to improve memory
• Over-learning – learn, recall it perfect, practice it again.
⦁ Make the subject matter meaningful and organize it
sequentially
⦁ Follow the principle of association.
⦁ Utilize as many senses, as possible.
⦁ Self-recitation is helpful in the process of retention
⦁ Use the principle of learning by doing
⦁ Repetition and continuous practice
Healthy habits to improve memory
• Regular exercise
• Managing stress
• Good sleep habits
FORGETTING
FORGETTING

• Forgetting is the apparent loss or modification of information


already encoded and stored in an individual's long term
memory.
• It is inability to encode, to store and retrieve the previously
learned information from long-term memory over varying
periods of times
CAUSES BEHIND FORGETTING
CAUSES BEHIND FORGETTING

• Faulty memory process


• Loss of interest
• Interference
• Retrieval problems
• Lack of motivation
• Physical damages
• Genetic factors
• Lack of recollecting
• Lack of readiness to recall
THEORIES OF FORGETTING

• THE TRACE DECAY THEORY


• According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of the
fading of the memory traces as a result of lack of using the
stored item for a long period
THE THEORY OF INHIBITION OR INTERFERENCE
• According to this theory, forgetting occurs because of the
interference or inhibition of the memory traces of other stored
or learned items. There are two kinds of interference:
a. Proactive inhibition: If the earlier learning interferes with
later learning and inhibits recall of new material, it is known
as proactive inhibition.
b. Retroactive inhibition: Inhibition of the earlier learning and
recall by later learning is known as retroactive inhibition
THE REPRESSION THEORY
• It is a defensive mechanism that painful items are thrown into
unconscious mind and the person does not wish to remember
them.
• Eg – Bad Memories
TECHNIQUES FOR EFFECTIVE MEMORIZATION

• Repeated Recitation: Recite what you have learned to


yourself. Silent recitation will make you remember past
lessons.
• Over learning : It means that if you wish not to forget what you
have already learned, continue to reviewing it now and then.
• Spaced practice: this is a strategy of studying in which a
relaxation or rest period is allotted in between a schedule of
studying
• Selection
• It is difficult to remember all the notes written in your
notebook or text book. Hence, you have to place a selection
markings in your notebooks or textbooks which you can use to
summarize your idea.
• Sleep
• Review
• Using mnemonics: Mnemonic systems are techniques or
strategies consciously used to improve memory. They help use
information already stored in long-term memory to make
memorization an easier task.
• Organization: This strategy can be done by organizing your
notes or making an outline so that when your ideas are already
organized, learning become easier, and faster

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