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MEMORY

The document discusses memory, including its definition, processes, types, and importance. Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. It comprises sensory, short-term and long-term memory. Memory plays a crucial role in learning, problem-solving, identity, and social interaction. Forgetting can occur due to interference, decay, retrieval or encoding failures, or motivated forgetting. Memory dysfunctions like amnesia, dementia, Alzheimer's disease and other disorders can also cause forgetting.

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himal kafle
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12 views25 pages

MEMORY

The document discusses memory, including its definition, processes, types, and importance. Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information. It comprises sensory, short-term and long-term memory. Memory plays a crucial role in learning, problem-solving, identity, and social interaction. Forgetting can occur due to interference, decay, retrieval or encoding failures, or motivated forgetting. Memory dysfunctions like amnesia, dementia, Alzheimer's disease and other disorders can also cause forgetting.

Uploaded by

himal kafle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLAGPOSTS

 Definition of memory  Forgetting


 Contemporary theories of memory  Nature of forgetting
 Nature of memory  Causes of forgetting
 Importance of memory
 Characteristics of memory
 Processes of memory
 Stages of memory
 Types of memory
 Techniques of improving memory
*Contemporary theories on memory:

1. Modal model (general theory of memory)


 Memory is the cognitive ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.
 It involves three main processes: encoding (input of information into the
memory system), storage (retention of encoded information), and retrieval
(recovery of stored information).
 Memory is not a single entity but comprises multiple systems and types,
including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
 Memory is constructive in nature, meaning it can be influenced by various
factors such as expectations, beliefs, and emotions, leading to errors and
distortions.
 Memory is essential for learning, problem-solving, decision-making, and
various other cognitive processes, playing a crucial role in our daily lives.
* Importance of memory:
Personal Identity and Continuity: Learning and Knowledge Retention:
Memory plays a crucial role in shaping Memory is essential for learning and
personal identity and maintaining a sense retaining knowledge. It allows
of continuity over time. It allows individuals to absorb information from
individuals to remember past events, their experiences, education, and
experiences, and relationships,
interactions with the world, enabling
contributing to their sense of self and
providing a context for understanding
them to build upon past experiences
their place in the world. and develop skills.

Problem Solving and Decision Communication and Social Interaction:


Making: Memory provides the Memory facilitates communication and
foundation for problem-solving and social interaction by enabling individuals
to recall past conversations, interactions,
decision-making processes. By
and social norms. It allows people to
recalling past experiences and establish connections, build relationships,
outcomes, individuals can make and navigate social situations effectively
informed decisions and solve by drawing upon past experiences and
problems more effectively. shared memories.

Adaptation and Survival: Memory is


vital for adaptation and survival. By
remembering past dangers, successes,
* Characteristics of memory

 A mental process
 Process of memory occurs in three steps: encoding, storage and retrieval
 Helps in learning, perception, problem solving, etc.
 Has effects on intelligence and creativity
Processes of memory:
Se Sh W Lo
*Stages of memory: ng
ns or or
or t ki te
1.Sensory memory- collected by
sense organs for a very brief period
y te ng r
of time
rm m
2. Short term memory- holds small m m
m
amount of info for not more than
m
30 second
e e e
3. Working memory- used for e
temporary storage and
manipulation for info needed for
m m m m
complex mental processes or or or or
4. Long term memory- that holds
y y y
info permanently
y
*Types of memory
*Techniques for improving memory:
*forgetting:

i. Forgetting is the failure to


remember.
ii. It is the inability to retrieve the
things stored in long term memory.
*Nature of forgetting:

 Forgetting is a natural and common aspect of human memory characterized by the inability to recall
previously learned information. It can occur due to various factors, including:

1. Interference: New information disrupts the ability to recall older memories, or vice versa. This
interference can be proactive (old memories interfere with new ones) or retroactive (new memories interfere
with old ones).

2. Decay: Memories may fade over time if they


are not rehearsed or reinforced, leading to a weakening of the memory trace.
3. Retrieval Failure: Sometimes, the memory is still stored but temporarily inaccessible due
to retrieval cues being absent or ineffective.

4. Encoding Failure: Information may not have been properly encoded into memory in the
first place, making it difficult to retrieve later.

5. Motivated Forgetting: Unconscious suppression or repression of memories due to their


emotional or psychological significance.
*Causes of forgetting:

Interf Memory
Trace dysfuncti
erenc
decay ons
e dysfuncti
ons

Motivat
ed
forgetti
ng
1. Interference
 Interference can be of two types:
2. Trace decay
3. Memory dysfunctions

amnesia dementia Alzheimer’s disease Korsakoff syndrome Huntington disease


Amnesia
c. Alzheimer’s disease d. Korsakoff syndrome:
 Causes memory loss  results from vitamin B1 deficiency
and is associated with alcoholism
 Loss of ability to speak clearly
 Symptoms include:
 Causes: degeneration of brain
neurons  Amnesia
 Disrupts capacity to form new long  Tremor
term memories  Coma
 Deterioration of cognitive  Disorientation
capacities
 Vision problems
e. Huntington’s disease
 causes the progressive breakdown
(degeneration) of nerve cells in the
brain
 has a wide impact on a person's
functional abilities
 causes movement, cognitive and
psychiatric disorders with a wide
spectrum of signs and symptoms
*Memory distortion
THANK YOU

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