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DC - Lecture 6 Chapter 3 1

The document covers key concepts in data communication, including analog and digital data transmission, transmission impairments, and channel capacity. It emphasizes the importance of delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter in effective data communication. Additionally, it discusses signal characteristics, including frequency, amplitude, and phase, along with the differences between periodic and aperiodic signals.

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MASTER JII
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12 views34 pages

DC - Lecture 6 Chapter 3 1

The document covers key concepts in data communication, including analog and digital data transmission, transmission impairments, and channel capacity. It emphasizes the importance of delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter in effective data communication. Additionally, it discusses signal characteristics, including frequency, amplitude, and phase, along with the differences between periodic and aperiodic signals.

Uploaded by

MASTER JII
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA COMMUNICATION

(LECTURE 06)
DATA TRANSMISSION
TOPICS

3.1 Concepts and Terminology

3.2 Analog and Digital Data Transmission

3.3 Transmission Impairments (attenuation, distortion, and

noise)

3.4 Channel Capacity


(Calculate the performance of data transmission including
bandwidth, throughput, latency, and jitter. )
Expected Learning Outcomes:

• Recognize the concept of analog and digital


signals and their use in day to day communication.

• Identify which transmission impairments cause


problems in communication and their remedies.

• Appreciate the importance of date rate limits in


communication and performance measurement.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
 The effectiveness of a data communications system depends
on four fundamental characteristics: delivery, accuracy,
timeliness, and jitter.

 Delivery. The system must deliver data to the correct


destination. Data must be received by the intended
device or user and only by that device or user.

 Accuracy. The system must deliver the data accurately.


Data that have been altered in transmission and left
uncorrected are unusable.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION (CONTD.)
 Timeliness. The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data
delivered late are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery
means delivering data as they are produced, in the same order that
they are produced, and without significant delay. This kind of delivery
is called real-time transmission.

 Jitter. Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the
uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets.
 For example, let us assume that video packets are sent every 30 ms. If
some of the packets arrive with 30-ms delay and others with 40-ms delay,
an uneven quality in the video is the result.
Communicati
on is in the
form of
electromagne
tic waves Unguided
Guided media
media (wireless)
Propagation
Twisted pair,
through air,
coaxial cable,
vacuum, and
optical fiber
seawater

IMPORTANT: Data must be transformed to Electromagnetic signal.


TRANSMISSION TERMINOLOGY

Direct link

• No intermediate devices other than


amplifiers or repeaters used to increase
signal strength
Point-to-point

• Direct link between two devices


• Are the only 2 devices sharing medium

Multi-point

• More than two devices share the same


medium
• Analog
Data • Digital

• Analog
Signal • Digital What is Signal?

What is Meaningful Signal?


ANALOG AND DIGITAL

 Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to information that is

continuous; digital data refers to information that has discrete states.

 Analog data take on continuous values.

 Digital data take on discrete values.

 Signals can be analog or digital. Analog signals can have an infinite number of

values in a range; digital signals can have only a limited number of values.
FREQUENCY, SPECTRUM
AND BANDWIDTH
 time domain concepts
 analog signal
 varies in a smooth way over time
 digital signal
 maintains a constant level then changes to another constant level

 periodic signal
 pattern repeated over time
 aperiodic signal
 pattern not repeated over time
continuous signal might represent speech

discrete signal might represent binary 1s and 0s.


PERIODIC AND APERIODIC
SIGNALS
 Both analog and digital signals can take one of two forms.

 —Periodic: completes a pattern within a measurable time frame called a


period and repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods
 —Aperiodic: Signal changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that
repeats over time

In data communications, we commonly use


periodic analog signals and nonperiodic digital
signals.
PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS
Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite.
A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed
into simpler signals.
A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.

Topics discussed in this section:


• Sine Wave
• Wavelength
• Time and Frequency Domain
• Composite Signals
• Bandwidth
3.
SINE WAVE
CHARACTERISTICS
 peak amplitude (A)
 maximum strength of signal
 volts

 frequency (f)
 rate of change of signal
 Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
 period = time for one repetition (T)
 T = 1/f

 phase ()
 relative position in time
IMPORTANT
TERMINOLOGIES
AMPLITUDE
 The amplitude of a variable
is the measure of how far,
and in what direction, that
variable differs from zero.
 Thus, signal amplitudes can
be either positive or
negative.
Two signals
Same phase and frequency, but different amplitude
TIME PERIOD
 The period of a signal is sometimes called one cycle of the signal.
FREQUENCY
 Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), meaning 1 cycle per second.


Denoted by f
MORE ABOUT
FREQUENCY
Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time. Change in a
short span of time means high frequency.

Change over a long span of time means low frequency.

If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero.

If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite.


PERIOD AND
FREQUENCY
Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal
needs to complete 1 cycle.
• Denoted by T, measured in seconds.

Frequency refers to the number of periods in one second


• Denoted by f, measured in Hertz (Hz)

Frequency and period are the inverse of each other.

3.
UNITS OF PERIOD AND
FREQUENCY
Example (1)
The power we use at home has a frequency of 50 Hz. The
period of this sine wave can be determined as follows:
EXAMPLE (2)
The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in
kilohertz?

(1 Hz = 10−3 kHz)
EXAMPLE (2)
Solution
First, we change 100 ms to seconds, and then we
calculate the frequency from the period (1 Hz = 10−3
kHz)
Two Signals
Same amplitude and phase, but different frequencies
WAVELENGTH
 Wavelength can be defined
as the distance between two
successive crests or troughs
of a wave. It is measured in the
direction of the wave. ...
 This means the longer the
wavelength, lower the
frequency. In the same
manner, shorter the
wavelength, higher will be the
frequency.
PHASES
• The phase is another measurement of a
wave and refers to the point where a wave
is in the cycle.

• It is measured in
degrees (0°-360°) or radians (0-
2π).
• Denoted with the Greek symbol Phi (ϕ).
2π = 360°
Or
π = 180°
PHASE
Following figure shows the Same amplitude and frequency, but different phases.
EXAMPLE
A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is
its phase in degrees and radians?

Solution
We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°.
Therefore, 1/6 cycle is
SINE WAVE
CHARACTERISTICS
 peak amplitude (A)
 maximum strength of signal
 volts

 frequency (f)
 rate of change of signal
 Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
 period = time for one repetition (T)
 T = 1/f

 phase ()
 relative position in time
A SINE WAVE

3.

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