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Data and Signals

Chapter 3 discusses the transformation of data into electromagnetic signals, distinguishing between analog and digital data and signals. It covers periodic and nonperiodic signals, their characteristics, and the concepts of frequency, period, and bandwidth. The chapter emphasizes the importance of composite signals in data communications and their decomposition into simpler sine waves.

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13 views24 pages

Data and Signals

Chapter 3 discusses the transformation of data into electromagnetic signals, distinguishing between analog and digital data and signals. It covers periodic and nonperiodic signals, their characteristics, and the concepts of frequency, period, and bandwidth. The chapter emphasizes the importance of composite signals in data communications and their decomposition into simpler sine waves.

Uploaded by

Vansh negi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Data and Signals

3.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Note

To be transmitted, data must be


transformed to electromagnetic signals.

3.2
3-1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers


to information that is continuous; digital data refers to
information that has discrete states. Analog data take on
continuous values. Digital data take on discrete values.

Topics discussed in this section:


▪ Analog and Digital Data
▪ Analog and Digital Signals
▪ Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

3.3
Analog and Digital Data
▪ Data can be analog or digital.
▪ Analog data are continuous and take
continuous values.
▪ Digital data have discrete states and take
discrete values.

3.4
Analog and Digital Signals

• Signals can be analog or digital.


• Analog signals can have an infinite number
of values in a range.
• Digital signals can have only a limited
number of values.

3.5
Figure 3.1 Comparison of analog and digital signals

3.6
Periodic and NonPeriodic
■ A periodic signal completes a pattern
within a measurable time frame, called a
period, and repeats that pattern over
subsequent identical periods. The
completion of one full pattern is called a
cycle
■ A nonperiodic signal changes without
exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats
over time.

3.7
3-2 PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS

Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or


composite.
A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be
decomposed into simpler signals.
A composite periodic analog signal is composed of
multiple sine waves.

Topics discussed in this section:


▪ Sine Wave
▪ Wavelength
▪ Time and Frequency Domain
▪ Composite Signals
3.8 ▪ Bandwidth
Figure 3.2 A sine wave

A sine wave can be represented by three parameters: the peak amplitude, the
frequency, and the phase

3.9
Figure 3.3 Two signals with the same phase and frequency,
but different amplitudes

The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its highest intensity,
proportional to the energy it carries.
For electric signals, peak amplitude is normally measured in volts.

3.10
Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to complete 1 cycle
Frequency refers to the number of periods in 1 s. (Hertz (Hz))

Note

Frequency and period are the inverse of


each other.

3.11
Figure 3.4 Two signals with the same amplitude and phase,
but different frequencies

3.12
Table 3.1 Units of period and frequency

3.13
Example 3.1

The power we use at home has a frequency of 60 Hz.


The period of this sine wave can be determined as
follows:

3.14
Frequency
• Frequency is the rate of change with respect
to time.
• Change in a short span of time means high
frequency.
• Change over a long span of time means low
frequency.

3.15
Note

If a signal does not change at all, its


frequency is zero.
If a signal changes instantaneously, its
frequency is infinite.

3.16
Note

Phase or phase shift describes the


position of the waveform relative to time 0.

3.17
Figure 3.5 Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency,
but different phases

3.18
Figure 3.6 Wavelength and period

• Wavelength is another characteristic of a signal traveling through a transmission


medium.
• Wavelength binds the period or the frequency of a simple sine wave to the
propagation speed of the medium
• we represent wavelength by λ, propagation speed by c (speed of light), and frequency
by f. (micrometers🡺microns)

3.19
Composite Signals and Periodicity
■ A single-frequency sine wave is not
useful in data communications
■ We need to send a composite signal, a
signal made of many simple sine waves.
■ According to Fourier analysis, any
composite signal is a combination of
simple sine waves with different
frequencies, amplitudes, and phases.

3.20
Composite Signals and
Periodicity
■ If the composite signal is periodic, the
decomposition gives a series of signals
with discrete frequencies.
■ If the composite signal is nonperiodic, the
decomposition gives a combination of
sine waves with continuous frequencies.

3.21
Bandwidth and Signal
Frequency
■ The range of frequencies contained in a
composite signal is its bandwidth
■ The bandwidth of a composite signal is
the difference between the highest and the
lowest frequencies contained in that
signal.

3.22
Figure 3.12 The bandwidth of periodic and nonperiodic composite signals

3.23
Figure 3.13 The bandwidth for Example 3.6

3.24

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